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http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/industerial_microbiology-2-3.pdf !!!

Primary Metabolites

Primary metabolites are involved in growth, development, and reproduction of the organism. The primary metabolite is typically a key component in maintaining normal physiological processes; thus, it is often referred to as a central metabolite. Primary metabolites are typically formed during the growth phase as a result of energy metabolism, and are deemed essential for proper growth. Examples of primary metabolites include alcohols such as ethanol, lactic acid, and certain amino acids. Within the field of industrial microbiology, alcohol is one of the most common primary metabolites used for large-scale production. Specifically, alcohol is used for processes involving fermentation which produce products like beer and wine. Additionally, primary metabolites such as amino acids-- including L-glutamate and L-lysine, which are commonly used as supplements-- are isolated via the mass production of a specific bacterial species, Corynebacteria glutamicum. Another example of a primary metabolite commonly used in industrial microbiology includes citric acid. Citric acid, produced by Aspergillus niger, is one of the most widely used ingredients in food production. It is commonly used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as well .

Aspergillus niger

Microorganisms such as Aspergillus niger are used in industrial microbiology for mass production of citric acid.

Secondary Metabolites

Secondary metabolites are typically organic compounds produced through the modification of primary metabolite synthases. Secondary metabolites do not play a role in growth, development, and reproduction like primary metabolites do, and are typically formed during the end or near the stationary phase of growth. Many of the identified secondary metabolites have a role in ecological function, including defense mechanism(s), by serving as antibiotics and by producing pigments. Examples of secondary metabolites with importance in industrial microbiology include atropine and antibiotics such as erythromycin and bacitracin. Atropine, derived from various plants, is a secondary metabolite with important use in the clinic. Atropine is a competitive antagonist for acetycholine receptors, specifically those of the muscarinic type, which can be used in the treatment of bradycardia. Antibiotics such as erythromcyin and bacitracin are also considered to be secondary metabolites. Erythromycin, derived from Saccharopolyspora erythraea, is a commonly used antibiotic with a wide antimicrobial spectrum. It is mass produced and commonly administered orally . Lastly, another example of an antibiotic which is classified as a secondary metabolite is bacitracin. Bacitracin, derived from organisms classified under Bacillus subtilis, is an antibiotic commonly used a topical drug. Bacitracin is synthesized in nature as a nonribosomal peptide synthetase that can synthesize peptides; however, it is used in the clinic as an antibiotic.

Source: Boundless. “Primary and Secondary Metabolites.” Boundless Microbiology Boundless, 26 May. 2016. Retrieved 20 Jan. 2017 from https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/industrial-microbiology-17/industrial-microbiology-198/primary-and-secondary-metabolites-999-5345/

Primary metabolites are involved in growth, development, and reproduction of the organism. Examples of primary metabolites include amino acids, enzymes, purin nucleotides, vitamins and organic acids.

Secondary metabolites are produced by the modification of primary metabolites. They do not play any role in growth, development, and reproduction like primary metabolites. They are formed during or near the stationary phase of growth. Examples of secondary metabolites with importance in industrial microbiology include antibiotics, toxins, alkaloids, plant growth factors.

Principles of overproduction of primary and secondary metabolites Fermentation is enzymatically controlled transformation of an organic compound. The fermentation product may be a metabolite or biomass. Metabolites are the intermediates and products of metabolism. The term metabolite is generally restricted to small molecules. The microorganisms during growth phase (trophophase) synthesize a range of metabolites that are essential for normal growth, development and reproduction and collectively called primary metabolites. Amino acids, organic acids, alcohol, nucleotides and enzymes are some of products of primary metabolism that have industrial significance. After growth phase the microbe enters in stationary phase (idiophase) due to exhaustion of nutrients in the medium. In this phase, active growth of the microorganism ceased and some microorganisms produce metabolite, which are not essential for growth and reproduction. These metabolites are referred as secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolism produces diverse, often species-specific end-products like alkaloids, antibiotics, toxins and some pigments that have commercial value.

The microbial metabolites are produced through fermentation and their overproduction is of prime importance to shorten the production time and space and at the same time reducing the product cost. Overproduction of metabolites depends on the genetic makeup of microbial strain and the environmental conditions under which the fermentation is carried out. To increase the production of fermentation product, different approaches applied are as follows.

Производство продуктов микробного синтеза первой фазы. К наиболее известным промышленным продуктам микробного синтеза относятся: ацетон, спирты (этанол, бутанол, изопропанол, глицерин), органические кислоты (лимонная, уксусная, молочная, глюконовая, итаконовая, пропионовая), ароматизаторы и вещества, усиливающие запахи (глутамат натрия). Спрос на последние постоянно увеличивается из-за тенденции к употреблению малокалорийной и растительной пищи, для придания вкусу и запаху пищи разнообразия. Ароматические вещества растительного происхождения можно производить путём экспрессии генов растений в клетках микроорганизмов. Методом генной инженерии в клетки Е. coli введён ген, кодирующий синтез а-антитрипсина человека, ингибирующсго активность эластазы. Его образование бактериями достигает 15% синтеза всех клеточных белков. Таким образом получают препарат эглин, применяемый для компенсации врождённого отсутствия а-антитрипсина, приводящего к тяжёлой форме эмфиземы лёгких. Иммуномодулятор бестатин, ингибитор поверхностных пептидаз лимфоцитов, продуцирует Streptococcus olivoretuculi. Микроорганизмы — продуценты ингибиторов других важных в медицине ферментов. Например, ингибитор амилазы, синтезируемый Streptococcus tendae, блокирует гидролиз крахмала и снижает содержание сахара в крови; назначается больным диабетом. Каптоприл из культуральной жидкости стрептококков препятствует образованию ангиотензина II и снижает артериальное давление (АД) у гипертоников.

Производство продуктов микробного синтеза второй фазы. С использованием микроорганизмов получают витамины В1, В2 (продуценты— бактерии, грибы родов Candida, Pichia, Ashbya); фолиевую, пантотеновую кислоты, пиридоксаль, витамин В12 (продуценты — Propionibacterium shermanii, Pseudomonas denitrificam или метаногенные бактерии). Витамин С производят путём химического синтеза, однако этап высокоселективного дегидрирования D-сорбита в L-сорбозу осуществляют с помощью уксуснокислых бактерий.