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VI. Read the text b and answer the questions:

1. What two groups are reflexes divided into?

2. What is the difference between them?

Text B

All the visceral and somatic reflexes including the protective, feeding and others are formed by various internal and external stimuli. These stimuli produce reactions not depending on surrounding conditions. The great Russian physiologist Pavlov called them unconditioned reflexes.

In human beings the nervous system has the additional ability to form cortical associations which increase the range of reactions. This function is formed upon signalization, i.e. the process in which an ineffective reflex stimulus forms the same reactions as the stimulus with which it has become associated. Pavlov called these individually obtained reflexes conditioned because they are developed only in connection with some other reflexes.

It is through constant contacts of life that men develop many conditioned reflexes. They begin to develop already in infancy. During human development their number is much increased through training and education.

In experimental conditions it was determined by Pavlov that many new conditioned reflexes could be established in dogs.

Тест для самоконтроля (Physiology of the Nervous System)

1. Укажите существительные, которые по смыслу подходят определениям.

a. complicated a. surface

b. cranial b. lobe

c. thick c. cells

d. smooth d. bands

e. frontal e. cavity

f. delicate f. disease

2. Вставьте в предложение соответствующий предлог.

Due … numerous investigations sleep is more necessary for the human being than food.

3. Вставьте в предложение подходящее по смыслу слово.

The nervous cells of the … are the most delicate cells of the human body.

4. Выберете правильный вариант.

Human … is the most complicated mechanism which has ever been constructed.

a. heart b. liver c. brain d. stomach

5. Выберете правильный вариант.

The hypothalamus controls

a. breathing and heartbeat b. blood pressure c. thought and memory d. body movements

6. Выберете правильный вариант.

Pain can be

a. controlled b. estimated c. improved d. discharged

7. Укажите лишнее по смыслу слово.

a. medulla b. cerebellum c. thought d. forebrain

8. Укажите сказуемое в Perfect Active.

a. is performing b. will receive c. was investigated d. had controlled

9. Укажите инфинитив в Perfect Passive.

a. will have supply b. was touched c. has been proved d. is being provided

10. Раскройте скобки, употребив сказуемое в соответствующей форме Present Perfect Active или Perfect Passive.

This new method of treatment … (to include) into his work.

11. Укажите предложение с усилительной конструкцией.

a. It is determined that each cell is connected to the other directly or indirectly

by nerve fibers..

b. It is important that the doctor’s suggestion will be correct.

c. It was in the cortex that conditioned reflexes were formed.

d. It is found out that a constant flow of stimuli comes into the brain through the

spinal cord.

12. Укажите предложение в Perfect Active.

a. Many experiments were carried out in this laboratory.

b. This student had an increased stipend last term.

c. The physiologists have estimated the importance of this discovery.

d. They will have a lecture delivered by the professor.

13. Укажите соответствие русской части предложения.

The doctor thought that количество лейкоцитов в норме.

a. the amount of leucocytes has been normal.

b. the amount of leucocytes would be normal.

c. the amount of leucocytes was normal.

d. amount of leucocytes is normal.

14. Укажите соответствие русской части предложения.

The doctor stated that в легких не было изменений.

a. there are no changes in the lungs.

b. there were no changes in the lungs.

c. there have been no changes in the lungs.

d. there had been no changes in the lungs.

15. Укажите правильно составленный вопрос к подчеркнутым словам.

During human development the number of conditioned reflexes is much increased.

a. When is the number of conditioned reflexes is much increased?

b. When is the number of conditioned reflexes much increased?