- •The role of translation and interpretation in present-day interstate and international relations.
- •Duties of Interpreters and Translators
- •Important Qualities for Interpreters and Translators
- •Prehistory of European interpretation and translation.
- •Translation and interpretation in Ancient Egypt, Babylon, Assyria.
- •Employment of translators and interpreters in wars in ancient times.
- •Aquila’s translation of the Old Testament.
- •Symmachus’ translation of the Old Testament.
- •Jerome’s Latin Vulgate.
- •Translation in Ancient Rome. Livius Andronicus and his translations in the 3rd century b.C.
- •Cicero and the birth of the historically second principle of translation.
- •Deliberate violations of the second (sense-to-sense) way/principle of translation by Horace and Apuleius and their consequences in the Middle Ages and later periods.
- •Principles of translation of ecclesiastic and secular works during the Middle Ages.
- •Translation in England during the medieval period. King Alfred the Great and Abbot Aelfric as translators.
- •Schools of translation in the Middle Ages.
- •Factors favoring the revival of translation during the period of the Renaissance in Europe.
- •Translation in France in the Renaissance period. E. Dolet and his principles of translation.
- •The belles-infidels’ principle of translation (j. Amyot, n.P. D’Ablancourt and others).
- •Translation in Germany in the period of the Renaissance (Steinhöwel, von Eyb, and others).
- •The Luther Bible and its significance. Luther’s influence on the emergence of the German language and national identity.
- •The Tyndale Bible and its importance in shaping and influencing the English language.
- •Translation in the periods of Classicism and Enlightenment (seventeenth – eighteenth centuries).
- •The epoch of Romanticism and protests against the unrestricted freedom of translation in England, Germany and France.
- •The revival of translation in Ukraine in the 14th-16th centuries (translation of the Bible and other ecclesiastic works).
- •The Kyiv Mohyla Academy and development of translation in the 17th-18th centuries Ukraine (I. Maksymovych, f. Prokopovych, d. Tuptalo, h. Skovoroda).
- •I. Kotlyarevskyi’s free interpretation of Virgil’s Aeneid.
- •The methods of translation of p. Hulak-Artemovskyi, Ye. Hrebinka, l. Borovykovskyi, p. Bilets’kyi-Nosenko in the first half of the 19th century.
- •P. Kulish as a translator. His methods of translation.
- •M. Shashkevych, I. Vahylevych, y. Holovats’kyi and the beginning of translation in Halychyna in 1830s.
- •L. Ukrainka and I. Franko as translators.
- •The most often employed methods of translation and the artistic level of translation of classical British, American, French, German and Italian prose/poetic works during the 1920s and 1930s.
- •The revival of Ukrainian translation after World War II in the mid and 1940s (m.Ryl’skyi, m.Tereshchenko, m.Bazhan, m.Lukash, l.Pervomaiskyi).
- •The historical circumstances and preconditions of birth and development of Ukrainian criticism of literary artistic translation in the 20th centurary.
- •Domestication vs. Translation. Their difference.
P. Kulish as a translator. His methods of translation.
One who has grasped the importance of the first translation of the best examples of world literature as a powerful source of spiritual enrichment Ukrainian nation, its culture and narrower - literature, it was Kulish .The real feat of P. Kulish was his translation of Bible into Ukrainian together with I. Nechui-Levytskyi and Professor Puliui. The first attempts to produce a Bible in Ukrainian were made in the 19th century. In the 1860’s, the famous Ukrainian scholar and writer, the giver of the modern alphabet, spelling system and grammar, Panteleymon Kulish, undertook to provide a Ukrainian Bible.He began translating the Bible in 1860 and finished it in alliance with Ivan Pul'uj who translated the Greek text is harder place and Kulish edited them. He had almost finished the work when a fire destroyed it along with his entire village. He had to start all over again but death didn’t allow him to finish his translation.He believed that the Bible, Homer and Shakespeare are the three main pillars of world culture and worked hard to Ukrainian people assumed the achievements of this culture with others developed nations in their cultural life .And in 1904, the British Bible Society has published a complete Bible translated Kulish, I. Pul'uj and I.Nechuy-Levitsky. Kulish (1819-1897), a close friend of T.Shevchenko, was also the first professional translator in the nineteenth century Ukraine. His large output includes the most outstanding works of Shakespeare an appeal which was caused primarily by the desire of the artist to raise Ukrainian literature to the level of understanding of the "eternal" themes. (fifteen best-known tragedies and comedies, of worldwide renown, which were edited by I.Franko and published in 1902), Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (in blank verse), part of Don Juan and some other poems. He also translated several poems by Gothe, Schiller and Heine (from German), produced severalfree interpretations and free adaptations from Russian poetry (Pushkin, Fet, Nikitin, A.Tolstoy, D.Minayev). In addition, Kulish is the author of the contemporary Ukrainian alphabet.
M. Shashkevych, I. Vahylevych, y. Holovats’kyi and the beginning of translation in Halychyna in 1830s.
Almost the same year with Hrebinka's published versification of Pushkin's poem Poltava, in a publishing house in Budapest was produced the historic Rusalka Dnistrovaya collection (1837) composed by M.Shashkevych, I. Vahylevych and Y.Holovats'kyi. This collection contained apart from these authors' own verses, translations by Vahylevych from the Czech (Kraledvorsky Manuscript), and from Old Ukrainian (The Tale of the Host of Ihor), as well as Y.Holovats'kyi's translation of Serbian songs. This collection marked the beginning of regular belles-lettres translations in Halychyna. This collection marked the beginning of regular belles-lettres translations in Halychyna. Hence, the process of translation in Eastern (Russian) and Western (Austro-Hungarian) parts of divided Ukraine began and continued to develop at almost the same time and in the same manner, though the Eastern part of Ukraine had already several talented poets, prose writers, playwrights and translators. The greatest and the most influential of them in early 1840's was our national genius, poet and painter Taras Shevchenko. He had already succeeded to create his principal poetic masterpieces and had even successfully versified (1845) ten of David's Psa/msfrom Old Slavic into Ukrainian.