Lesson 5 урок 5 Задания по формированию компетенций Phonetics Фонетика
Звук |
Правила |
[ ∫ ] |
существует несколько буквосочетаний, которые всегда дают этот звук (помимо других): tion [∫ən ]: celebration [ ´seli´brei∫n ], tuition [ tju:´i∫n ] cious [∫əs ]: delicious [ dil´∫əs ], vicious [ ´vi∫əs ] cian [∫ən ]: musician [ mju:´zi∫ən ], politician [ poli´ti∫ən ] и, конечно, буквосочетание sh: sheep [ ∫i:p ], shoot [ ∫u:t ] |
[ t∫] |
всегда возникает в: ch: chair [ t∫eə ], child [ t∫aild ] t + ure: creature [ ´kri:t∫ə ], future [ ´fju:t∫ə ] |
[ j ] |
u в открытом слоге: mute [ mju:t ], huge [ hju:d3 ] ew: few [ fju: ], lewd [ lju:d ] если слово начинается на y + гласная: yard [ ja:d ], young [ jΛŋ ] |
Task. Practice to pronounce the sounds [ ∫ ], [ t∫], [ j ]. Words are written in letters. Потренируйтесь в произношении звуков [ ∫ ], [ t∫], [ j ].
[ ∫ ] sheep, constitution, shall, shelf. revolution, shell, notion, promotion
[ t∫] chess, check, nature, choice, creature, children, picture, choose, lecture
Exercise. Complete the chart with the words given. Заполните таблицу , выбирая слова со звуком, указанным в транскрипции.
shelves, fusion, chalk, few, nation, yard, creature, humour, brush, sensation, feature, duty, change, pure, yankee, emotion,
[ ∫ ] _______________________________________________________________
[ t∫] ________________________________________________________________
[ j ] ________________________________________________________________
Exercise. Read the following sentences, paying attention to the sounds in transcription. Прочитайте предложения, обращая внимание на звуки, указанные в транскрипции.
[ ∫ ] Show me some cotton shirts, please.
She showed me the shortest way to the station.
Shella said she’d phone me from the station.
[ t∫] Charley’s such a nice chap.
Did the children have lunch?
Cheney likes cheese and chips.
[ j ] His duty is to be accurate in reporting the news.
She knew that her nephew liked music.
He knew that his pupils knew nothing.
Grammar Грамматика
Будущее неопределенное время – The Future Simple Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов shall и will и формы инфинитива смыслового глагола (без частицы to). Shall употребляется с 1-м лицом единственного и множественного числа (I shall / We shall), will – с остальными лицами.
I shall (I’ll)* work. We shall (we’ll) work.
He She It will (‘ll) work. You They |
Shall I work? Shall we work?
he she Will it work? you they |
Yes, I shall. Yes, we shall.
he she Yes, it will. You they |
No, I shall not (shan’t). No, we shall not (shan’t).
he she No, it will not (won’t). you they |
*Note/Примечание: I’ll, he’ll, shan’t, won’t – сокращенные формы shall, will shall not, will not.
Exercise. Answer the questions.
Model: Shall we go to the theatre tonight? – Yes, we shall./ No we shan’t.
Shall you go to the seaside in summer? ________________________________________
Will you have your holiday in May? __________________________________________
Shall we go to the disco tonight? _____________________________________________
Will she travel with her family? ______________________________________________
Will they travel by car? ____________________________________________________
Exercise. Translate into English.
В субботу они пойдут в театр. _____________________________________________
Ты будешь завтра дома? __________________________________________________
Я знаю, он будет хорошим врачом. _________________________________________
Они будут обедать через час (in an hour). ____________________________________
Куда вы пойдете в субботу? _______________________________________________
Будущее продолженное время – The Future Continuous Tense
I’m going to visit my friend tomorrow Завтра утром я собираюсь навестить
morning. I ring him up to know what time друга. Я звоню ему, чтобы узнать,
to come. в какое время лучше приехать.
A. Can I come to you tomorrow at nine in the morning?
B. Oh, no. It’s too early. I shall be sleeping at this time.
A. What about 11 o’clock?
B. Yes. That’ll be fine.
Мы употребили Future Continuous Tense для выражения будущего действия в процессе его совершения (Я [все еще] буду спать).
I/We
He She It You We They |
shall be working.
will be working. |
Shall I/we be working?
he she it Will you be working? we they |
Yes, I shall. Yes, we shall.
he she Yes, it will. You they |
No, I shan’t. No, we shan’t.
he she No, it won’t. you they |
Будущее время – Future Tense также может употребляться при построении вежливых форм обращения:
Will you give me this book, please? – Не дадите ли Вы мне эту книгу?
Will you be staying long with us? – Вы у нас долго пробудете?
Exercise. Using the verbs in brackets, explain why you will not …
Используя глаголы в скобках, объясните почему Вы не будете ...
Model: Don’t visit us tonight. Не приходите к нам сегодня.
We shall be working. Мы будем работать.
Don’t ring him up at six in the morning. He ___________________ (sleep).
Don’t leave the baby alone. She ____________________________ (cry)
Don’t send us letters in July. We ___________________________ (travel)
Don’t ride a bicycle. I ____________________________________ (repair it)
Don’t have tea now. ___________________________________ (have lunch in an hour)
Exercise. Answer the questions.
Model: What will she be doing next Sunday? (drive to the seaside)
She’ll be driving to the seaside next Sunday.
What will he be doing at this time next week? (bathe in the Black Sea)
_________________________________________________________________
What will your Granny be doing when she arrive? ( work in the garden)
__________________________________________________________________
What will he be doing at the University for five years? (study English)
__________________________________________________________________
What will they be doing next January? (take their exams)
__________________________________________________________________
What will we be doing at the disco on Friday? (dance)
__________________________________________________________________
Exercise. Use the proper form of the verb (Present, Past, Future Simple or Continuous).
1. She (to go) __________________ to the concert next Sunday. 2. Look, he (to write) _____________________________ a letter to his girlfriend now. 3. In the evening they usually (to watch) _________________ TV. 4. He (to take care __________________________ of his garden every day. 5. Listen, she (to play) ______________________ the piano in her room. 6. Yesterday they (to play ____________________ tennis from 5 till 6 in the evening. 7. Last Friday we (to be) __________________ at the local museum. 8 They (to begin) ______________ to study English two years ago. 9. He (not to like) _____________to swim. 10. We (to sing and dance) _________________ at the party tonight.
Модальные глаголы. Modal Verbs
Can, must, may, should/ought to – модальные глаголы. Обозначают возможность, способность, вероятность, необходимость совершения действия.
Модальные глаголы не употребляются самостоятельно, а только в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола.
He can do it himself. Он может сделать это сам.
They must come to us. Они должны придти к нам.
Особенности употребления:
не имеют неличных форм – инфинитива, причастия;
не изменяются по лицам и числам.
Инфинитив, следующий за модальным глаголом употребляется без частицы to.
I like to swim. – Я люблю плавать. (to swim – плавать – инфинитив)
I can swim. – Я умею плавать. (после модального глагола инфинитив без частицы to.)
He likes to swim. – Он любит плавать. (likes – глагол в 3 лице, ед.ч., наст. времени)
He can swim. – Он умеет плавать. (can – глагол в 3 лице, ед.ч., наст. вр. без окончания -s)
I, he, she, we, you, they |
must must not/mustn’t |
cross the street |
|
Must |
I, he, she we, you, they |
read this book? |
Yes, he (…) must. No, he (…) mustn’t |
Эквивалентам модального глагола must является словосочетание to have to do (для Present Past и Future Tenses). Значение: – I have (надо, необходимо) to go there.
Внимание. Поскольку в словосочетании to have to do глагол to have является частью устойчивого выражения, а не вспомогательным глаголом, вопрос и отрицание строятся с помощью вспомогательного глагола to do:
|
I (you, we, they) |
have to do this work |
Do |
have to do this work? |
|
Yes, |
Do |
|
No, |
do not (don't) |
|
|
He (she, it) |
have to do this work |
Does |
have to do this work? |
|
Yes, |
Does |
|
No, |
does not (doesn't) |
Exercise. Complete these sentences with must or mustn’t.
Model 1. You must eat less to lose weight.
2. The doctor says my brother ____________ give up smoking.
3. You ____________ throw anything from the train window.
4. I’ve got a doctor’s appointment, and I ____________ be late.
5. He ____________ work harder or he won’t pass his exams.
6. Nice to meet you! We ____________ have lunch together.
Exercise. Match the rules with the road signs. Put the correct number in the boxes. Укажите в скобках номер знака, соответствующий правилу.
You have to turn left ahead. [ ]
You mustn’t turn right. [ ]
You mustn’t turn round. [ ]
You have to give priority to vehicles from the opposite direction. [ ]
You have to stop in 100 yards. [ ]
You mustn’t go down the road. [ ]
Exercise. Complete the rules for each road sing with have to or mustn’t.
Model: 1. You have to slow down.
2. You ______ stop.
3. You ______ keep left.
4. You ______ allow other vehicles to go first.
5. You ______ pass other vehicles.
6. You ______ go more than 30 miles per hour.
Exercise. Rewrite the sentences saying what you must or mustn’t do. Измените предложения, указав, что вы должны/не должны делать.
Model: Do not ride a bicycle on the pavement. – You mustn’t ride a bicycle on the pavement.
Never stick your head out of a moving train window. ________________________________
Don’t smoke during take-off and landing. _________________________________________
Don’t drive at more than 50 km/h in town. _________________________________________
Never walk along a railway line. _________________________________________________
Don’t be late after classes. ______________________________________________________
Exercise. Answer the questions according to the model.
Model: Do we have to take a taxi?/go by bus
No, we have to go by bus.
Do we have to cross the street here? /at the next corner ______________________________
Do they have to leave the house?/stay home _______________________________________
Does she have to take this medicine?/in an hour ____________________________________
Does Ted have take his test?/take an exam ________________________________________
Do you have to put on this sweater? /warm coat ____________________________________
Can (could Past Indefinite)
I, you, he, she, we they |
can cannot/can't could could not/couldn't |
drive a car. |
|
|
|
Can Could |
I, you, he, she, we, they |
drive a car? |
Yes. No |
I you we she he they |
can
cannot (can't) could not (couldn't) |
for ability ( могу/умею) – I can swim well. – Я могу хорошо плавать.
He can ride a bicycle. – Он умеет кататься на велосипеде.
|
Present Indefinite |
Past Indefinite |
Future Indefinite |
|
I You, we, they He (she) |
am are is |
was were was |
will be |
able to do it. |
Эквивалентом модального глагола can является словосочетание to be able to do smth, которое употребляется во всех временах. Значение: могу, в состоянии (ср: I can read English but I am not able to read this text. Я могу/умею читать по-английски, но я не могу/не в состоянии (здесь темно, плохо вижу) прочитать этот текст).
Exercise. Give short answers to the questions. Ответьте на вопросы кратко.
Model: Can you drive a car? – Yes, I can. – No? I cannot (can’t).
1. Can you speak German? ____________________________________________
2. Could you drive a car when you were a child? ___________________________
3. Can this boy write with his left hand? __________________________________
4. Could Mary drive a bicycle when she was six? ___________________________
5. Can she cook well? _________________________________________________
6. Can you play any musical instrument? __________________________________
7. Could she swim when she was a small girl? ______________________________
Exercise. Complete the sentences with can (can’t) or could (couldn’t).
Model: Can Jane write English? – Yes, she can. I know she could write when she was five.
Джейн умеет писать по-английски? – Да, умеет. Я знаю, она умела писать, когда ей было пять лет.
1. They _______ celebrate their wedding in March. I think they _____ do it now.
2. ______ he dance well? Yes, he _____. He ______ dance when he was four.
3. Unfortunately we _______ go to the country last Sunday. ______ you go there this week?
4. I know that Susan ______ play the piano last year. – And her brother? Oh, he ______ play when he was seven.
5. Yesterday Nick _____ send a fax. We hope he _____ do it today.
Exercise. Write full answers to these questions about rules in your country. Ответьте на вопросы о правилах в вашей стране.
Model: 1. When can you start school? – I can start school at the age of six.
Когда вы можете идти в школу? – Я могу идти в школу в возрасте 6 лет.
2. When can you get married? ______________________________________________
3. When can you drive a car? _______________________________________________
4. When can you have your own passport? _____________________________________
5. When can you vote? _____________________________________________________
6. When can you leave school? ______________________________________________
Exercise. Complete these sentences with can or can’t and make true statements about your country.
1. You can’t have a drink in a bar when you are eleven. – You can do at the age of 16.
2. You _____ go to the university if you pass all the exams. – ______________
3. You _____ take more then four books from the library. – ________________
4. You _____ wear a hat in the church. ____________________________________
5. You _____ ride a motorbike at the stadium. ____________________________
6. You _____ go for a walk in the airplane. ______________________________
7. You _____ buy a new car, if you have enough money. _______________
Exercise. Put questions to these sentences and give right answer.
Model: 1. You can visit a foreign country with a visa. – Can you visit a foreign county with a visa? – Yes, you can. (No, you can’t).
2. You can read a book in the lift.
____________________________________________________________
3. You can feed the animals in the Zoo.
____________________________________________________________
4. You can wear shoes in the mosque.
___________________________________________________________
5. You can cook your own meals.
____________________________________________________________
6. You can take photos at the museums.
____________________________________________________________
7. You can take your dog to the office.
____________________________________________________________
Note – Примечание
can/could – for asking people to do things –Для выражения просьбы.
Can you help me? – Вы можете мне помочь?
Could you help me? – Могли ли бы вы мне помочь?
Could is more formal (and polite) than can. – Could более формально (и вежливее), чем can.
Exercise. Rewrite these requests more politely. Напишите просьбы более вежливо.
Model: Turn it off! – Can you turn it off? – Could you turn off?
Выключи! – Ты можешь это выключить? – Не мог бы ты это выключить?
I want to smoke. __________________________________________________________
Lend it to me! ____________________________________________________________
Give me phone number. ____________________________________________________
Speak louder, please. ______________________________________________________
Open the window. ________________________________________________________
I want a cup of tea. ________________________________________________________
Show me the way there. ___________________________________________________
Имя прилагательное The Adjective – часть речи, обозначающая признак предмета и отвечающая на вопрос what? какой? (red – красный, good – хороший, interesting – интересный).
Имена прилагательные в положительной степени (The Positive Degree) обозначают качество предмета без сравнения с качеством другого предмета (this river is long – эта река широкая).
Как и в русском языке прилагательные образуют две степени сравнения: сравнительную (the Comparative Degree) и превосходную (the Superlative Degree)
The Degrees of Comparison of English Adjectives
Степени сравнения английских прилагательных
1. Сравнительная степень – Comparative Degree односложных и двусложных прилагательных с окончаниями -y,-er,-ow образуются путем прибавления суффикса er- (short – shorter – короткий – короче, clever, cleverer – умный – умнее).
2. Превосходная степень – Superlative Degree односложных и двусложных прилагательных с окончаниями -y,-er,-ow образуются путем прибавления суффикса -est the shortest (самый короткий), the cleverest (самый умный).
Односложные и двусложные прилагательные с окончаниями -y,-er,-ow
Positive Degree |
Comparative Degree |
Superlative Degree |
fast – быстрый safe – безопасный noisy – шумный cheap – дешевый dirty – грязный slow – медленный clean – чистый quiet – тихий |
faster – быстрее safer noisier cheaper dirtier slower cleaner quieter |
the fastest – самый быстрый the safest the noisiest the cheapest the dirtiest the slowest the cleanest the quietest |
Сравнительная степень двусложных и многосложных прилагательных образуется при помощи слова more (более), а превосходная – при помощи слова most (самый).
Positive Degree |
Comparative Degree |
Superlative Degree |
Modern – современный expensive – дорогой dangerous – опасный |
more modern more expensive more dangerous |
the most modern the most expensive the most dangerous |
Внимание! Исключения!
Positive Degree |
Comparative Degree |
Superlative Degree |
good – хороший bad – плохой little – маленький |
better – лучше worse – хуже less – меньше |
the best – самый хороший the worst – самый плохой the least – самый маленький |
Правописание окончаний простых форм степеней сравнения
Окончание Примеры
1. Опускается немая -е large-larger-the largest
2. Удваивается согласная big-bigger-the biggest
после краткой гласной fat-fatter-the fattest
3. После согласной happy-happier-the happiest
Y меняется на I early –earlier-the earliest
Сравнительные конструкции
As…as –такой же (так же)…, как
e.g.: He is as young as his brother.
Not so…as – не такой… как
e.g.: This text is not so easy as that one.
The (сравн. ст.)….the ( сравн.ст.) чем…, тем…
e.g.: The more we train the stronger we are.
Than – чем
e.g.: This exam is more difficult than that one.
Task. Read and translate the joke. Pay attention to the degrees of comparison.
The more we study, the more we know. Чем больше мы учим, тем больше мы знаем.
The more we know, the more we forget. _____________________________________________
The more we forget, the less we know. ______________________________________________
The less we know, the less we forget. _______________________________________________
The less we forget, the more we know. ______________________________________________
So why study?
the more … the more/the less – чем больше … тем больше/тем меньше
Exercise. What do you think? Make sentences comparing city and country life. Составьте предложения, сравнив жизнь в городе и за городом.
cheaper
safer
The city is noisier than the country.
The country is dirtier than the city.
more expensive
more dangerous
Exercise. Open the brackets and put the adjective in the correct form.
Откройте скобки и поставьте прилагательное в нужную форму.
The rivers in America are much (big) __________ than those in England.
The island of Great Britain is (small) _____________ than Greenland.
What is the name of the (high) ___________________ mountain?
Russian is a (large) ____________ country.
St. Petersburg is the (beautiful)_________________________ city in the world.
Exercise. Insert as…as or so…as.
Вставьте as…as или so…as.
Mike is _____ tall _______ Nick.
This book is not ________ thin _______ that one.
Nick’s English is ________ good _______ mine.
This child is ______ lazy _______you are.
Kate is not _______ small ______ her sister.
Exercise. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
Переведите предложения с русского на английский язык.
1. Эта книга интересней той.
___________________________________________________________________
2. Эти люди более приятные, чем те.
___________________________________________________________________
3. Ты такой же умный, как твой брат.
___________________________________________________________________
4. Февраль – самый короткий месяц в году.
__________________________________________________________
5. Эрмитаж богаче Русского музея.
__________________________________________________________
Trevelling
Topical vocabulary
travel – путешествие
enjoy (I enjoy myself) – получать удовольствие (я наслаждаюсь/получаю удовольствие)
way of life – стиль жизни
dwellers – жители (city-dweller – городской житель)
laze in the sun – нежиться на солнце
business trip (to go on business) – командировка (ехать в командировку)
to travel (to go)
by plane самолетом, by train поездом by boat на лодке, by car автомобилем
on horseback верхом на лошади, by bike на велосипеде
advantages/disadvantages – преимущества/недостатки
to be fond of (traveling) – очень любить делать что-то
Task. Read the text. Try to understand it without translation. Прочитайте текст, постарайтесь понять его без перевода.
How we travel
Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays traveling. They travel to see other countries, they travel to enjoy themselves, or just for a change of scene. It’s always interesting to discover new things, different ways of life, to meet different people.
Those who live in the country like to go to a big city and spend their time visiting museums and art galleries, looking at shop windows and dining at exotic restaurants.
City-dwellers usually like a quiet holiday by the sea or in the mountains by themselves, with nothing to do but walk and bathe and laze in the sun.
If people have business trips they choose the fastest transport. They often travel by plane or by train. It is very expensive but it is very fast. And if people want to have a rest they choose traveling by boat, by car, on horseback and etc. When you travel by car or by bike you can stop where you want. All means of travel have their advantages and disadvantages.
Task. Translate into English.
Если мы любим путешествовать, мы видим и узнаем много вещей, которые не можем увидеть или узнать дома, хотя (though) мы можем читать о них или видеть по телевизору.
Я очень люблю путешествовать. Я думаю, что лучший способ (way) изучить географию – это путешествовать, а лучший способ узнавать и понимать людей – встречаться с ними у них дома.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Task. Answer the questions.
Why do people travel? _____________________________________________________
Do you travel a lot? _______________________________________________________
Where do you like to go? ___________________________________________________
What means of transport do you know? _______________________________________
What transport do you prefer? ______________________________________________
What is the fastest transport? ________________________________________________
What is the cheapest transport? ______________________________________________
What is the most dangerous transport in your opinion? ___________________________
Do you learn much when you travel? _________________________________________
Task. Write out the words below into two columns:
means of transport things you do on a holiday
go by bus,____________________ to meet different people _____________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise. Use the new vocabulary.
Last year we travelled to the Black Sea ________________ (поездом).
When I’m at the seaside I walk, bathe and __________________ (нежиться на солнце).
When I come to the country I ________________ the nature (наслаждаюсь).
As a _____________________ I prefer a quiet holiday by the sea or in the country. (городской житель).
Last week he went to Canada ____________________ (в командировку).
My son is sure it’s dangerous to travel _______________ (самолетом).
My friend is dreaming to have a travel _______________ (верхом на лошади).
I can’t approve his ____________ (стиль жизни).
Task. Describe one of your travels.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Task. A. Read and decide which statements are true for your country.Прочитайте и решите, какие утверждения правильны (соответствуют) для вашей страны.