In the looking at the distant object the lens becomes flat. What is happening with other structures of the accomodatiion apparatus and why?

ciliary muscles are relaxed, suspensory ligament relaxes and flattens the lens

ciliary muscles are contracted, suspensory ligament stretches and flattens the lens

ciliary muscles are relaxed, suspensory ligament stretches and flattens the lens

ciliary muscles are relaxed, suspensory ligament stretches and makes the lens more convex

ciliary muscles are contracted, suspensory ligament stretches and makes the lens more convex

*

Choose on of the factors, causing the hypermetropia. Explain why is it connected with this factor.

short eyeball, longitudinal axis of the eye is shorter, and the beam of the distant objects focuses behind retina

long eyeball, the beam focuses behind the retina

short eyeball, the beam focuses in front of retina

short eyeball, the beam focuses behind the retina

refracting ability of the lens is large

*

The convergent squint has appeared at the patient after the eye trauma with the damage of the some nerves of the orbital cavity. What are the affected nerves? Explain the cause of it.

optic nerves with the loss of the lateral fields of vision

oculomotor nerves, it led to the paralysis of medial rectus oculi muscles

abducent nerves, it led to the paralysis of lateral rectus oculi muscles and incresing of the tone of medial rectus oculi muscles

trochlear nerves, it led to the paralysis of lateral rectus oculi muscles and increasing of the tone of medial rectus oculi muscles

ophthalmic nerves, it led to the paralysis of lateral rectus oculi muscles and increasing of the tone of medial rectus oculi muscles

*

The disorder of the gustation and olfaction has appeared at the patient after the trauma of the cranial base with the brain damage. What is affected anatomical structure? What is relation between 2 disorders?

the olfactory bulbs were damaged at the base of the brain, olfactory and gustatory tracts are common

the end of the parahyppocampal gyrus (uncus) was damaged, it's a cortical end of the olfactory and gustatory analyzers

the pons was damaged, through which the olfactory and gustatory analyzers pass

the cerebral peduncles were damaged, through which the olfactory and gustatory analyzers pass

the olfactory tracts on the base of the brain were damaged, olfactory and gustatory tracts are common

*

The rapture of the large arterial vessel has happened in the one of the triangles of the suprahyoid region. What topographical structure in and why a vessel was affected?

in sublingual triangle, because the lingual artery is situated there

in Pirogov's triangle, because the lingual artery is situated there

in submandibular triangle, because the lingual artery is situated there

in carotid triangle, because the carotid artery is situated there

in omotracheal triangle, because the superiot thyroid artery is situated there

*

The integrity of the 1st cervical fascia and it's content were affected in the trauma. What are possible complications and why?

bleeding from the superficial veins of the neck, because they are situated in the 1st fascia

lesion of the platysma, because it's situated in this fascia, the angle of the mouth maybe depressed at the patient, because the platysma is involvеd in it

disorder of the blood flow by superficial veins of the neck, because this fascia prevents them from compression

bleeding from the deep veins of the neck, because they are situated in the 1st fascia

disorder of the cervical muscles' function, providing the turning of the head, because they are located in the 1st fascia

*

The convulsions has happened at the patient after the surgery on the thyroid gland. What anatomical structures are affected and why?

one of the lobes of the thyroid gland, maybe vagus nerve is damaged

one of the lobes of the thyroid gland, maybe blood vessels are damaged, that caused the convulsions

the parathyroid glands are removed, because they are situated at the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, the decreasing of the level of the parathormone led to the convulsions

the parathyroid glands are removed, because they are situated at the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, the increasing of the level of the parathormone led to the convulsions

the thyroid plexus is damaged, which absorbs the hormones of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, that caused the tetany

*

During the tracheostomy the surgeon made incision not by the middle line of the neck, taking in attention the localization of the vessels and nerves in the anteriro cervical region. What are the possible complications and why?

lesion of the superficial cervical veins, because they are situated in the 2nd fascia

lesion of the superficial cervical veins, because they are situated in the 1st fascia

air embolism, because the veins of the suprasternal interaponeurotic space maybe damaged

air embolism, because the veins of the suprasternal interaponeurotic space, superficial veins of the neck, located in the 1st fascia, carotid artery maybe damaged

the lesion of the deep cervical veins, because they are situated in the 2nd fascia

*

The woman was admitted in the neurological department with acute loss of the vision, headache in the posterior region of the skull, weakness of the extremities and dizziness. She had the stroke due to the thrombosis, which arrested the blood supplying of the medial and inferior surfaces of the temporal and occipital lobes. What vessel was affected? What are the cause of the vision loss and headache?

Middle cerebral artery, the blood supplying of the temporal lobe is disordered due to the thrombosis

posterior cerebral artery, which supplies the occipital lobe of the brain and cerebellum, it caused the headache in the occipital region, weakness of the extremities

anterior cerebral artery, the blood supplying of the temporal and frontal lobes of the brain is disordered due to the thrombosis of this vessel

anterior spinal arteries, the blood supplying of the medulla oblongata is disordered

posterior spinal arteries, the blood supplying of the medulla oblongata is disordered

*

The aneurysm of the beginning of the aortic arch spread on the one of the large veins, that caused the edema of the upper limb. Explain it from the anatomical point of view and define the vein.

the beginning of the right pulmonary artery is located inferiorly of the aortic arch

bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk is situated inferiorly of the aortic arch

left brachiocephalic vein attaches to the aortic arch anteriorly, it supplies the venous drainage form upper limb and head

right brachiocephalic vein attaches to the aortic arch anteriorly, it supplies the venous drainage form upper limb and head

beginning of the subclavian vein is situated inferiorly of the aortic arch, it supplies the venous drainage from the upper limb

*

Why is it not enough to ligate the right superior thyroid artery in the surgery on the right lobe of the thyroid gland? Point out the source of the blood supplying of the gland and causes of the bleeding in the ligation in the case of ligation of the one artery.

the arrest of bleeding in ligation of the one artery is impossible because the gland is supplied from the internal thoracic artery

the arrest of bleeding in ligation of the one artery is impossible because the gland is supplied from the thoracic aorta

the arrest of bleeding in ligation of the one artery is impossible because the gland is supplied from the common carotid artery

the arrest of bleeding in ligation of the one artery is impossible because the gland is supplied from the lateral thoracic artery

the arrest of bleeding in ligation of the one artery is impossible because the gland is supplied from the inferior thyroid arteries and arteria thyroidea ima, forming the arterial network

*

The doctor revealed the enlargement of the mental lymphatic nodes of the patient. He could think about pathology of what organs and why?

pathology of auricle, because lympha flows out from there in this group of the lymphatic nodes

pathology of tongue, because lympha flows out from there in this group of the lymphatic nodes

pathology of nasal cavity, because lympha flows out from there in this group of the lymphatic nodes

pathology of larynx, because lympha flows out from there in this group of the lymphatic nodes

pathology of lacrimal sac, because lympha flows out from there in this group of the lymphatic nodes

*

The patient consulted the neuropathologist with complaints of depression of the mouth angle, eye angle and lacrimation. What anatomical structures are affected and why?

branches of the facial nerve, because the innervate the muscles of the facial expression around the mouth and eye, branches of the intermediate nerve innervate the lacrimal gland

branches of the ophthalmic nerve, because they innervate the muscles of the facial expression aroud the mouth, eye, lacrimal gland

branches of the infraorbital nerve, because they innervate the muscles of the facial expression aroud the mouth, eye, lacrimal gland

branches of the supraorbital nerve, because they innervate the muscles of the facial expression aroud the mouth, eye, lacrimal gland

branches of the buccal nerve, because they innervate the muscles of the facial expression aroud the mouth, eye, lacrimal gland

*

There is a disorder of the general sensibility of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, gustation is normal. How you may explain it from the anatomical point of view?

the patient has disorder of the trigeminal nerve, supplying the general sensation, and no disorder of glossopharyngeal nerve and tympanic chord, providing gustation

the patient has disorder of the accessory nerve, supplying the general sensation, and no disorder of glossopharyngeal nerve and tympanic chord, providing gustation

the patient has no disorder of the trigeminal nerve, supplying the general sensation, and he has disorder of glossopharyngeal nerve, providing gustation

the patient has disorder of the facial nerve, supplying the general sensation, and he has no disorder of glossopharyngeal nerve and tympanic chord, providing gustation

the patient has disorder of the hypoglossal nerve, supplying the general sensation, and he has no disorder of glossopharyngeal nerve and tympanic chord, providing gustation

*

There is a paralysis of the muscles of the tongue after the hemorrhage in the region of the internal capsule. Explain why has it happened and what part of the internal capsule is affected?

The genu of the internal capsule is affected, it caused the disorder of the corticonuclear tract and hypoglossal nerve

The genu of the internal capsule is affected, it caused the disorder of the corticonuclear tract and facial nerve

The genu of the internal capsule is affected, it caused the disorder of the corticonuclear tract and accessory nerve

The genu of the internal capsule is affected, it caused the disorder of the corticonuclear tract and glossopharyngeal nerve

The genu of the internal capsule is affected, it caused the disorder of the corticonuclear tract and vagus nerve

*

The patient complains of the constant dryness in the mouth. In examination: the saliva doesn't discharge from the papilla, located at sublingual fold of the mucous membrane. What is a name of the ganglion, containing the parasympathetic cells, the processes of which innervate the affected salivary gland:

pterygopalatine

otic

submandibular

ciliary

superior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve

*

The disorder of the skin sensibility has appeared at the patient after the trauma of the occipital region. Why has it happened? What anatomical structures are affected?

The skin sensibility is disordered because the minor occipital nerve is damaged in trauma. It's a sensory branch of the cervical plexus.

The skin sensibility is disordered because the greater auricular nerve is damaged in trauma. It's a sensory branch of the cervical plexus.

The skin sensibility is disordered because the vagus nerve is damaged in trauma. It's cutaneous branch innervates this region.

The skin sensibility is disordered because the trigeminal nerve is damaged in trauma. It's cutaneous branch innervates this region.

The skin sensibility is disordered because the tympanic nerve is damaged in trauma. It's a sensory branch of the cervical plexus.

*

The pain sensibility of the lower limb was disordered as a result of the posttraumatic compression of the spinal cord. Give anatomical explanation of this pathology.

the sensory conducting tracts in the lateral funiculus were affected, because they are located externally from motor tracts

the sensory conducting tracts in the anterior funiculus were affected, because they are located externally from motor tracts

the sensory conducting tracts in the posterior funiculus were affected, because they are located externally from motor tracts

the sensory conducting tracts in the anterior horns were affected, because they are located externally from motor tracts

the sensory conducting tracts in the posterior horns were affected, because they are located externally from motor tracts

*

The integrity of the nerve, situated between the arch of the atlas and axis, was disordered in damage of the neck on the level between 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae. The function of the head extension is disordered. Explain why and what nerve is affected?

great occipital nerve is affected, extension of the head is impossible, because this nerve innervates the splenius muscle of head and neck, providing this function

lesser occipital nerve is affected, extension of the head is impossible, because this nerve innervates the splenius muscle of head and neck, providing this function

accessory nerve is affected, extension of the head is impossible, because this nerve innervates the splenius muscle of head and neck, providing this function

ansa cervicalis is affected, extension of the head is impossible, because this nerve originating from ansa cervicalis provide this function

the supraclavicular nerves are affected, extension of the head is impossible, because these nerves provide this function

*

The intern made spinal punction, entering the needle between Th 12 and L 1 vertebrae. Explain from the anatomical point of view, are the actions of the doctor true and why?

true, because the spinal cord ends on the level of Th 12, it will not be damaged

true, because the spinal cord ends on the level of L 4, it will not be damaged

wrong, because the spinal cord ends on the level of L1, it will be damaged

wrong, because the spinal cord ends on the level of L5, it will be damaged

true, because the spinal cord ends on the level of Th 11, it will not be damaged

*

Apophysis of brachial bone are:

caput, colum

caput, condyle

anatomical and surgical neck

capitulum and trochlea

epicondyles

*

Point out the option, where the sequence of embriogenesis stages is dosordered:

fertilization and zygote formation

cleavage

separation of the embryo

gastrulation

development of organs (organogenesis) and tissues (histogenesis)

*

Derivates of entoderm are:

epithelium of skin and it's derivates

surface epithelium of mucous membrane of oral cavity

dental enamel

epithelium and glands of gastrointestinal tract

cartilagenous and bony tissue

*

Point out the features which are not typical for the cranium of newborn:

cerebral part predominates above facial one

the surface of the bones is smooth

presence of fontanelles

facial part predominates above cerebral one

alveolar processes of jaws are not developed

*

Point out the bones of the skull, which have 2 stages of the development (membranous and bony)

basal part of occipital bone

pyromid of temporal bone

mastoid process of temporal bone

squamous part of frontal bone

lateral parts of occipital bone

*

The osseous skull begins to develop at:

4th week of embryogenesis

3rd week of embryogenesis

7th week of embryogenesis

5th week of embryogenesis

9th week of embryogenesis

*

All following joints are contiguous, EXCEPT of:

syndesmosis

diarthrosis

synostosis

synchondrosis

synsarcosis

*

The auxiliary components of synovial joint are all following, EXCEPT of:

intra- and extraarticular ligaments

intraarticular discs, menisci

intraarticular cartilagenous lips

menisci

acticular capsule

*

Point out the shape of multiaxial joint:

trochlear

ellipsoid

pivot

plane

saddle

*

The elements of auxiliary apparatus of muscles are all following, EXCEPT of:

fascia

intermuscular septi

synovial sheaths and bursae

tendons

fibrous canals

*

The peculiarities of structure of skeletal muscles are:

they are innervated by vegetative part of CNS

they are characterized by slow contraction

insignificant strenth of contraction

they consist of heterogeneous, differently refracting the light fibers

long rythmic work

*

Skeletal muscles develop from:

ectoderm

entoderm

myotomes

sclerotomes

dermatomes

*

Point out the elements of central nervous system

nervous roots

nervous ganglion

spinal cord

nervous trunks

nervous plexus

*

The derivate of prosencephalon is:

medulla oblongata

interbrain

pons

midbrain

cerebellum

*

The derivate of mesencephalon is:

endbrain

pons

cerebellum

quadrigeminal bodies

medulla oblongata

*

What anatomical structures are not refered to membranous labyrinth:

utriculus

sacculus

utriculosaccular duct

cochlear duct

spherical recess

*

What anatomical structure is refer to the fibrous coat of eyeball:

iris

ciliary body

chorioidea

cornea

retina

*

What anatomical structure isn't refer to light-refracting structures of eyeball:

ciliary body

lens

vitreous body

aqueous humor of anterior chamber of the eyeball

aqueous humor of posterior chamber of the eyeball

*

Point out the sensory conducting tracts in lateral funiculus of spinal cord

lateral spinothalamic tract

anterior pyramidal tract

lateral pyramidal tract

rubrospinal tract

tectospinal tract

*

Point out the conducting tract of pain and temperature sensitivity

anterior spinocerebellar tract

posterior spinocerebellar tract

lateral pyramidal tract

rubrospinal tract

lateral spinothalamic tract

*

The lateral funiculus of spinal cord DOESN'T contain:

tr.spinocerebellaris posterior

tr.spinocerebellaris anterior

tr.rubrospinalis

tr.tectospinalis

tr.spinothalamicus lateralis

*

The anterior funiculus of spinal cord contain:

tr.tectospinalis

tr.spinothalamicus lateralis

tr.rubrospinalis

tr.corticospinalis lateralis

tr.spinocerebellaris anterior

*

Following structures pass through the internal capsule of the brain:

comissural fibers

projectional fibers

long associative fibers

short associative fibers

all options are wrong

*

Following structure passes through the anterior part of the posterior limb of internal capsule of the brain:

auditory tract

optic tract

corticonuclear tract

corticospinal tracts

temporoparietooccipitopontic fascicle

*

Point out the sensory cranial nerves:

III

IV

VIII

VI

XII

*

Point out the motor cranial nerves:

II

XI

VIII

V

IX

*

The abducent nerve innervates:

superior rectus muscle of eye

superior oblique muscle of eye

inferior rectus muscle of eye

medial rectus muscle of eye

lateral rectus muscle of eye

*

Point out the distinctive features of the sympathetic part of vegetative nervous system:

centers are located in the brainstem

centers are located in intermedial part of the grey matter of the sacral part of spinal cord

centers are located in the lateral horns of thoracic and lumber parts of the spinal cords

vegetative ganglions are located in the walls of the organs

vegetative ganglions are located close to the organs

*

The peripheral part of the vegetative nervous system is presented by:

nuclei of brainstem

nuclei of lateral horns of the spinal cord

vegetative ganglions

pituitary-hypothalamic area

brain cortex

*

Prevertebral ganglions are:

g.ciliare

g.oticum

g.spinale

g.submandibulare

gg.cоеliaсаe

*

Tunica mucosa is:

external layer of hollow organs

internal layer of hollow organs

middle layer of hollow organs

a part of parenchymatous organs

lines cavities of human body internally

*

All following are the malformations of digestive system, EXCEPT of:

cleft palate

superior lip cleft

macrostoma

microstoma

polydactylia

*

All following morphological structures participate in development of urinogenital organs, EXCEPT of:

pronephros

mesonephros

ductus paramesonephricus

ansa umbilicus intestini

ductus mesonephricus

*

Point out structural elements of the lungs, where the gas exchange between blood and air has place:

lobar bronchi

pulmonary veins

terminal bronchioles

alveoles

segmental bronchi

*

Point out the elements of the alveolar tree:

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs

terminal bronchioles, alveoles

terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles

segmental bronchi, lobar bronchi

lobar bronchi, terminal bronchioles

*

Point out anatomical structures, located superiorly in the hilum of the right lung:

pulmonary artery

pulmonary veins

nerves

principal bronchus

lobar bronchus

*

What is a main part of the microcirculatory bloodstream, supplying the exchange processes?

arterioles

precapillaries

capillaries

postcapillaries

venules

*

Cava-caval anastomoses are anastomoses between:

v.gastricae sinistrae, v.azygos and v.hemyazygos

v.lumbales and beginning of v.azygos

v.rectalis superior and v.rectalis media

v.paraumbilicales and v.epigastrica inferior

roots of the veins of mesoperitoneal parts of the colon and v.lumbales

*

Point out the intersystemic anastomoses:

а.angularis and a. dorsalis nasi

a. facialis and a.temporalis superficialis

a.mentalis dextra and sinistra

a.plantaris medialis and lateralis

a.arcuata and a. tarsea lateralis

*

The heart develops from:

cutaneous ectoderm

nervous ectoderm

entoderm

cardiogenic mesoderm

somatopleura

*

At the stage of S-shaped heart the venous end is located:

dorsally

on the left side and caudally

on the right side and cranially

ventrally

cranially

*

The abnormalities of the heart position are all following, EXCEPT of:

cervical ectopy

thoracic ectopy

diplocardia

dextrocardia

abdominal ectopy

*

Point out the places of the influx of the lymphatic ducts in the venous system:

Vena jugularis externa, vena cava superior

Vena jugularis interna, vena cava inferior

Angulus venosus dexter, angulus venosus sinister

Angulus venosus sinister, vena subclavia

Vena jugularis interna, vena subclavia

*

Lymphatic capillaries have:

endothelial layer

middle layer

external layer

adventicia

serous layer

*

The following structures leave the hilum of lymphatic node:

afferent lymphatic vessels

efferent lymphatic vessels

arteries of lymphatic node

nerves of lymphatic node

portal vein

*

The lymphatic nodes are the organs of lymphatic system, laying:

along lymphatic vessels

along arterial vessels

along venous vessels

in mucous membrane of internal organs

along nerves

*

What is an age of beginning of the tonsills' involution:

youth

early childhood

just after birth

adolescent

aged

*

The central organs of the immune system are:

spleen

lymphatic nodes

red bone marrow

tonsills

solitary lymphatic nodules

*

The following structure develops from Wolffian body at male:

testicular canals

paradidymis

deferent duct

ejaculatory duct

seminal vesicles

*

What structure does develop from Muller duct:

clitoris

uterine tubes

penis

scrotum

great genital lips

*

Point out the option, where the sequence of scheme of the ways of semen ejaculation is disored:

tubuli seminiferi contorti

tubuli seminiferi recti

ductus deferens

rete testis

ductus ejaculatorius

*

What is relation of the adrenal glands to the peritoneum?

retroperitoneal

mesoperitoneal

intraperitoneal

not lined by peritoneum

intrapleural

*

The thyroid gland according development refers to the group of:

entodermal glands (branchiogenic group)

entodermal glands (intestinal tube)

mesodermal glands

ectodermal glands (neurogenic group)

ectodermal group (group of adrenal system)

*

The highest center of the regulation of endocrine glands is:

thalamus

hypothalamus

epithalamus

cerebellum

midbrain

*