- •1. Describe current state of processing of mineral resources of Kazakhstan.
- •2. Specify main minerals and ores of rare metals and their methods of enrichment in Kazakhstan.
- •Methods of enrichment
- •3. Give general principles of study of rare metal raw material
- •Describe and give examples of methods of decomposition of rare metal materials.
- •Example. The decomposition tungsten concentrates with sodium hydroxide solution
- •5. Give examples of methods of processing tungsten concentrates
- •6. Give examples of methods of processing molybdenum concentrates
- •7. Describe modern technologies of processing of mineral raw materials containing gallium
- •Preparation of gallium concentrate from aluminate solutions
- •8. Show differences modern technology of processing of mineral raw materials containing molybdenum and tungsten.
- •9. Describe methods of waste-free processing of molybdenum.
- •10. Describe the main problems flotation of minerals and loss of useful components in the flotation mineral processing
- •11. Describe modern technologies of processing of mineral raw materials containing rhenium.
- •12. Describe modern technologies of processing of mineral raw materials containing germanium
- •13. Describe production of high purity germanium compounds
- •Describe modern technological scheme of processing of vanadium
- •Explain differences of purification methods of gallium.
- •Explain technological schemes of rhenium from Zhezkazgan ore, sources loss of rhenium and methods to reduce losses
- •Methods of increasing the extraction of rhenium
- •18.Compare and describe modern technologies of processing of mineral raw materials containing titanium.
- •19. Show the differences in modern technology in the processing of zirconium and hafnium containing rare metal raw materials.
- •20. Explain the differences extraction of selenium and tellurium from waste of industry
- •Roasting with sodium carbonate
- •Roasting
- •21. Compare methods of decomposition of tantalum and niobium containing rare metal raw materials.
- •Decomposition of tantalite-columbite with hydrofluoric acid
- •Decomposition of Tantalite and columbite concentrate with sodium hydroxide
- •Explain production of high purity gallium.
- •23. Explain processing of thallium containing rare metal raw materials.
- •Tl production
- •24. Explain differences of extractions methods of indium from waste of industry.
- •In production from Zinc Circuits
- •24. Critically evaluate production of high purity indium and thallium.
- •Chemical methods
- •Electrolytic refining
- •Thallium refining
- •25. Explain production of lithium metal.
- •26. Create a modern technological scheme of processing of mineral raw materials containing lithium.
- •The sulfuric acid method (пишите любо текс, либо рисуйте схему)
- •27. Create a modern technological scheme of processing of mineral raw materials containing beryllium.
- •Sulfate process, h2so4
- •Sintering
- •Rubidium Alums, Extraction
- •31. Analyze the methods of extraction of rubidium and cesium from radioactive waste.
- •32. Propose technological processes without waste and low-waste processing.
- •Evaluate modern physical and chemical methods of analysis of rare and rare earth metals.
- •Create a modern technological scheme of processing of mineral raw materials containing scandium.
- •43. Analyze contribution of scientists of Kazakhstan in the development of technology of mineral processing, waste-free and low-waste technologies.
- •Critically analyze current non-waste technologies in production of rare metals.
- •Analyze and choose extraction methods of obtaining of rare metals.
- •Evaluate electrochemical methods of extraction of rare metals in Kazakhstan.
- •Critically evaluate of methods of purification to obtain pure rare metals.
Evaluate modern physical and chemical methods of analysis of rare and rare earth metals.
Physical and chemical methods make it possible to determine low concentrations in the analyzed sites. They've lowered the detection limit to 10-5 –10-10% (depending on method of analysis).
Chemical analysis methods (titrimetric and gravimetric) do not show such an amount of the analyte. Their detection limit is 10-3 %. Physico-chemical methods allow to analyze quickly enough. The rapidity of these methods makes it possible to adjust the technological process. Instrumental methods of analysis make it possible to automate the process of analysis itself, and some of the devices – analyze at a distance. The analysis can be conducted using physical and chemical methods without destruction of the test sample and at some certain point. The advantage of physico-chemical methods of analysis is the use of computers for calculation of analysis results, and for solving other analytical issues. Disadvantages of physicochemical methods of analysis lie in the fact that the error analysis is 2-5 %, which is higher than the error of classical chemical methods.
A special place among modern physical methods of research is spectroscopy, which is based on various forms of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter and is used to determine the structures of compounds, properties of atoms and molecules, and for qualitative and quantitative analysis of substances.
The greatest practical interest are methods of the first group - absorption methods of analysis.
Spectrophotometry, as well as photocolorimetry is used to quantify the concentrations of substances in solutions.
The advantages of spectrophotometric method of analysis compared with the photocolorimetric method:
The use of monochromatic flux of electromagnetic radiation allows to study in detail the narrow-band absorption spectra, such as absorption spectra of Aqua complexes of rare earth elements, uranium, plutonium and other rare metals, and changes in these complexes under the influence of various factors (pH, concentration, etc.); The concentrations of the compounds can be performed with greater accuracy and sensitivity. The selectivity of the methods of determining increases.
In chemical analysis especially in the study of several natural compounds, such as minerals, ores, various rocks, modern sediments of the seas and oceans, often complicated cases involving separation and determination of the number of elements in their various combination, is very difficult because of the small amount of material and complexity of the composition of the analyte. Methods of chemical analysis used in such cases, must have sufficient precision and versatility with regard to different composition of the analyzed objects. Analytical methods based on measurement of spectral differences, is often easily achievable, are quick and are usually quite suitable for serial analyses. For this reason, they are probably the most important group of methods used in chemical analysis of inorganic substances.