- •С.В. Иванова
- •Ббк 81.2 Англ
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Preface to the second edition
- •Major trends in Theoretical Grammar of the English language
- •Classical English grammar
- •Transformational grammar
- •Functional Communicative Approach
- •Cognitive Grammar and Cognitive Linguistics
- •Supplementary literature:
- •2. Major grammatical notions
- •Language as a system
- •Chart 1. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations
- •Chart 2. Paradigmatic patterns of a clause by m.A.K. Halliday
- •Interrogative→ “wh”
- •Indicative→ declarative→
- •Imperative → jussive38 →
- •Inclusive
- •Grammatical meaning, grammatical form and grammatical category
- •E.G. Work –worked
- •The notion of opposition in Theoretical Grammar
- •Synthetic and analytic forms
- •Morphology and Syntax as two main parts of grammar
- •Chart 3. The scope of morphology
- •Inflection word-formation
- •3. The notion of a morpheme
- •The idea and the definition of the morpheme
- •Types of morphemes
- •Problems connected with the notion of a morpheme
- •Characteristic features of inflectional morphology and types of word-form derivation
- •4. The parts of speech system
- •In foreign linguistics
- •Introduction to the problem
- •Classification of parts of speech suggested by Henry Sweet
- •3. O. Jespersen’s classification of parts of speech
- •4. Principles of the classification of words suggested by Charles Fries
- •Woggles ugged diggles
- •Uggs woggled digs
- •5. Classifications of parts of speech developed within structuralist linguistics
- •6. R. Quirk’s approach to the problem in his
- •Verb Preposition
- •Interjection
- •Modern grammars of contemporary English
- •5. The parts of speech system
- •In russian linguistics
- •The main criteria for the classification of parts of speech in Russian Linguistics
- •The concept of notional and formal words
- •6. The article
- •1. The status of the article in English
- •2. The number of articles in English
- •3. The categorial meaning and the functions of the article
- •7. Noun and its grammatical categories
- •Introduction. The categories of gender and number
- •The category of case
- •The syntactic function of the noun
- •8. The verb. General characteristics
- •The verb. General overview
- •2. The categories of person and number
- •3. The category of tense
- •9. The category of aspect
- •In modern english
- •The definition of aspect as a verbal category
- •Different approaches to the interpretation of aspect
- •The connection of the aspect interpretation with other lexicological issues: terminative and durative verbs
- •The correlation of the English aspect forms and Russian aspect forms
- •10. The category of retrospective coordination
- •The problem of the Perfect forms in the system of the English language
- •2. Different approaches to the interpretation of perfect forms
- •Interpretation of perfect forms as an independent grammatical category
- •11. The category of mood in modern english
- •1. The category of mood and its semantic content
- •Debatable issues connected with the interpretation of the category of mood
- •12. The category of voice
- •In modern english
- •The nature of the grammatical category of voice
- •2. Debatable problems within the category of voice
- •He told me a story.
- •3. The notion of transitivity
- •13. Syntax
- •Syntax as a branch of grammar
- •Units of syntactic description
- •The theory of phrase
- •Types of syntactic relations (linkage)
- •14. The sentence
- •The sentence: the problem of its definition
- •2. The sentence. Its major categories
- •3. Typology of the sentence
- •15. Sentence as an object of syntactic studies
- •Major features of the sentence as a syntactic unit
- •Syntactic structure of the sentence as an object of linguistic studies
- •Immediate constituents of the sentence: ic analysis
- •Adjoinment - the use of specifying words, most often particles: He did it – Only he did it.
- •The utterance. Informative structure of the utterance
- •Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics
- •Speech act theory. Direct and indirect speech acts. Types of speech acts
- •Discourse analysis as the study of language in use
- •Implicatures of discourse
- •Implicatures and indirectness
- •It is only due to making an assumption about the relevance of b’s response that we can understand it as an answer to a’s question.
- •A List of Selected Bibliography
- •List of reference and practice books
- •Terminological dictionaries
- •Seminars in theoretical grammar
- •Contents
Preface to the second edition
When the first edition of the book was published, it was absolutely clear that the material presented in the book does not cover the whole of the course. But the author’s main intention and incentive was to draw a bottom line and make these materials available to students. Teaching practice made it necessary to enlarge on the lectures that are offered in the manual, to correct some imperfections and to discuss a number of issues which were not included in the first edition.
Even though what is presented here is far from a comprehensive discussion of the available approaches within English grammar, on the whole, the book provides a general introduction to English morphology and syntax, i.e. a foundation for describing the grammatical structure of the English language. An attempt is made to explain and carefully define all the terms which are made use of in the manual. This is done to teach students to be able to give an adequate description of a grammatical system using the proper toolkit. On the other hand, the material under study is closely connected with students’ prior knowledge of English practical grammar. Thus, the material is given in such a way that it can be followed by a set of practical tasks for the students to see how linguistic theory works and what results it can yield if applied.
One new lecture has been added on various approaches to syntactic studies. The aim of the lecture is to show the directions research of syntax may take. The lecture provides information on the current state of affairs in this field. Chunks have been added to a variety of other chapters, on trends of linguistic analysis, on major grammatical notions, on the morpheme, on parts of speech, and some others. In addition, new references have also been added throughout. These new additions are an attempt to make the latest findings in linguistic theory available to students. All this is vivid evidence of a great deal of effort undertaken by modern scholars to present to the full the intricate, interlocking grammatical system of the English language.
S.V.I. April 2011
1. INTRODUCTION TO
THEORETICAL GRAMMAR:
MAJOR TYPES OF GRAMMATICAL DESCRIPTION
The subject and the aim of Theoretical English Grammar.
Major trends in theoretical grammar of Modern English:
Classical English grammar;
Descriptive (Structuralist) approach;
Transformational grammar;
Generative semantics;
Textual linguistics;
Functional Communicative Approach;
Cognitive Grammar.
The subject and the aim of English Theoretical Grammar
Theoretical grammar of the modern English language studies its grammatical system as a whole. As “grammar deals with the general facts of language” [Jespersen 1958: 32] and is “the organizational nucleus of every language” [Dixon 2009: 1], it is mainly concerned with the description or modeling of English sentences in discourse, particularly their constituents and their relations to each other [English Grammar Leipzig 1977: 22]. Thus the task of linguists – specialists in theoretical grammar - is to give an adequate systemic description of linguistic phenomena. The main difficulty in this respect is the fact that linguists can handle the task of interpreting linguistic phenomena in different ways. The format of language description depends on the linguistic school or trend this or that scholar belongs to. Thus one of the main tasks of the Course in Theoretical English Grammar is to help students survey and estimate this or that linguistic theory, to unfold theoretical background in which this or that theory emerged, to teach students of English a many-sided approach to different linguistic facts, to give a well-grounded theoretical description of language, mainly of its grammatical system, to identify grammatical categories and basic laws of grammatical formation of utterances out of words in the process of speech. To achieve this goal students are to master major notions and terms which make up the notional and terminological basis of Theoretical Grammar as a scholarly discipline.
Thus, the course discusses present-day grammatical theory and gives a critical review of various approaches. It presents the central issues of grammar and linguistic theory at large, shows how and why these questions were posed, what the answers were, and how these have led to new questions. Thus a historical overview offers a baseline from which to survey modern developments and breakthrough achievements. A historical perspective proves that linguistic theory is far from constituting dogma though it keeps before us a contingency of theoretical assumptions.