- •С.В. Иванова
- •Ббк 81.2 Англ
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Preface to the second edition
- •Major trends in Theoretical Grammar of the English language
- •Classical English grammar
- •Transformational grammar
- •Functional Communicative Approach
- •Cognitive Grammar and Cognitive Linguistics
- •Supplementary literature:
- •2. Major grammatical notions
- •Language as a system
- •Chart 1. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations
- •Chart 2. Paradigmatic patterns of a clause by m.A.K. Halliday
- •Interrogative→ “wh”
- •Indicative→ declarative→
- •Imperative → jussive38 →
- •Inclusive
- •Grammatical meaning, grammatical form and grammatical category
- •E.G. Work –worked
- •The notion of opposition in Theoretical Grammar
- •Synthetic and analytic forms
- •Morphology and Syntax as two main parts of grammar
- •Chart 3. The scope of morphology
- •Inflection word-formation
- •3. The notion of a morpheme
- •The idea and the definition of the morpheme
- •Types of morphemes
- •Problems connected with the notion of a morpheme
- •Characteristic features of inflectional morphology and types of word-form derivation
- •4. The parts of speech system
- •In foreign linguistics
- •Introduction to the problem
- •Classification of parts of speech suggested by Henry Sweet
- •3. O. Jespersen’s classification of parts of speech
- •4. Principles of the classification of words suggested by Charles Fries
- •Woggles ugged diggles
- •Uggs woggled digs
- •5. Classifications of parts of speech developed within structuralist linguistics
- •6. R. Quirk’s approach to the problem in his
- •Verb Preposition
- •Interjection
- •Modern grammars of contemporary English
- •5. The parts of speech system
- •In russian linguistics
- •The main criteria for the classification of parts of speech in Russian Linguistics
- •The concept of notional and formal words
- •6. The article
- •1. The status of the article in English
- •2. The number of articles in English
- •3. The categorial meaning and the functions of the article
- •7. Noun and its grammatical categories
- •Introduction. The categories of gender and number
- •The category of case
- •The syntactic function of the noun
- •8. The verb. General characteristics
- •The verb. General overview
- •2. The categories of person and number
- •3. The category of tense
- •9. The category of aspect
- •In modern english
- •The definition of aspect as a verbal category
- •Different approaches to the interpretation of aspect
- •The connection of the aspect interpretation with other lexicological issues: terminative and durative verbs
- •The correlation of the English aspect forms and Russian aspect forms
- •10. The category of retrospective coordination
- •The problem of the Perfect forms in the system of the English language
- •2. Different approaches to the interpretation of perfect forms
- •Interpretation of perfect forms as an independent grammatical category
- •11. The category of mood in modern english
- •1. The category of mood and its semantic content
- •Debatable issues connected with the interpretation of the category of mood
- •12. The category of voice
- •In modern english
- •The nature of the grammatical category of voice
- •2. Debatable problems within the category of voice
- •He told me a story.
- •3. The notion of transitivity
- •13. Syntax
- •Syntax as a branch of grammar
- •Units of syntactic description
- •The theory of phrase
- •Types of syntactic relations (linkage)
- •14. The sentence
- •The sentence: the problem of its definition
- •2. The sentence. Its major categories
- •3. Typology of the sentence
- •15. Sentence as an object of syntactic studies
- •Major features of the sentence as a syntactic unit
- •Syntactic structure of the sentence as an object of linguistic studies
- •Immediate constituents of the sentence: ic analysis
- •Adjoinment - the use of specifying words, most often particles: He did it – Only he did it.
- •The utterance. Informative structure of the utterance
- •Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics
- •Speech act theory. Direct and indirect speech acts. Types of speech acts
- •Discourse analysis as the study of language in use
- •Implicatures of discourse
- •Implicatures and indirectness
- •It is only due to making an assumption about the relevance of b’s response that we can understand it as an answer to a’s question.
- •A List of Selected Bibliography
- •List of reference and practice books
- •Terminological dictionaries
- •Seminars in theoretical grammar
- •Contents
Woggles ugged diggles
Uggs woggled digs
Woggs diggled uggles47.
He classifies words into four form-classes, designated by numbers, and fifteen groups of function words, designated by letters. The form-classes correspond roughly to what most grammarians call (1) nouns and pronouns, (2) verbs, (3) adjectives, and (4) adverbs, though Fries especially warns the reader against the attempt to translate the statement which the latter finds in his book into the old grammatical terms. The group of function words includes 154 items and contains not only prepositions and conjunctions, but also certain specific words that more traditional grammarians would class as a particular kind of pronouns, adverbs, and verbs. The function words are distributed among 15 groups.
The book by Ch. Fries The Structure of English (1952) deals exclusively with syntax, whereas morphology is completely ignored. He tries to base his description of the parts of speech on the syntactic behaviour of words, i.e. words which can occupy the same syntactic position may be classed together, which is the main principle of analysis. Thus his main assumption is that all the words that can occupy the same set of position in a sentence belong to the same part of speech. For his material he chose tape-recorded spontaneous conversations comprising about 250 000 word entries (50 hours of talk). The words isolated from this corpus were tested on the three typical sentences which were isolated from the record too, and used as substitution test-frames. A substitution frame is the rest of a sequence in which substitutions are made (e.g. in the frame The _____ have left, a word such as men (The men have left) can be replaced by any of elephants, young people, workers next door, and so on).
Frame A. The concert was good (always).
Frame B. The clerk remembered the tax (suddenly).
Frame C. The team went there.
Ch. Fries started with the minimum free utterance The concert was good as his first test-frame and set out to find in his materials all the words that could be substituted for the word concert with no change of structural meaning. The words of this list can be called Class I words. Thus in his classification Ch. Fries makes an emphasis on classes. Such an approach to the description of linguistic phenomena is called taxonomic.
Though Ch. Fries’ classification of words shows obvious overlap, it has a number of indisputable strong points. Ch. Fries analyses speech, giving priority to oral speech in its synchronic state. He is quite consistent in the application of strict linguistic procedures (distribution and substitution) thus trying to avoid intuitions in linguistic description. Due to Charles Fries the principle of distributional analysis got its legal status in linguistics [Лайонз 1974: 159]. For his analysis Ch. Fries makes use of a large corpus of linguistic material, subsequently laying foundations for further corpus linguistics. The disadvantages and weak points of Ch. Fries’ theory consist mainly in the draft character of the work which needed more refinement and perfection of the scheme. His colleagues called Fries’ work a small timid step in the right direction and criticized Ch. Fries for lack of detail48. The fact that he overlooked semantics also had its negative toll on the overall classification though structuralists never thought much about meaning. There is obvious overlapping between classes which never contributes to the strength of any classification.