- •1 Oe morphology. The verb
- •2 Morphological Comparison of Old English and Modern English verbs
- •2.3 The verb in Old English epic poem Beowulf….. …………………………..…...23
- •Introduction
- •The structure of the course consists by the following: introduction, two chapters, conclusion and bibliography.
- •1 Oe morphology. The verb
- •1.1 The grammatical categories of the oe verb
- •1.2 Morphological classes of the verbs in oe
- •2 Morphological Comparison of Old English and Modern English verbs
- •2.1 Formation verb categories of voice and mood
- •2.2 Comparative analysis of the Middle English and Modern English language an example Shakespeare's plays
- •2.3 The verb in Old English epic poem Beowulf
- •Conclusion
- •Bibliography
2.2 Comparative analysis of the Middle English and Modern English language an example Shakespeare's plays
1. Transfer of a word from one grammatical category to another.
In English, one word can be a noun and an adjective, and verb. The era of Shakespeare stands out in this respect. That was the time when a huge number of words have been assigned new grammatical function. Among his contemporaries, Shakespeare and here comes first. Shakespeare's language imagery due, including exactly what his word is particularly easy to move from one grammatical category to another. So, for example, any noun or adjective can be formed by a verb (usually in the active sense), which was generally characteristic of Elizabethan authors: "And 'gins to pale his uneffectual fire." (I,). From the adjective "pale" Shakespeare forms the verb to "pale" (do pale). From the noun "night" Shakespeare forms the shape of the sacrament "nighted (benighted)": "Good Hamlet, cast thy nighted colour off" (I,), which means "thy night-like colour". Adjectives are freely used Shakespeare as an adverb: "I do know, when the blood burns, how prodigal the soul lends the tongue vows." (I,) "And you, my sinews, grow not instant old." (I,).
The system forms of the perfect.
The system forms the perfect tense, which arose in Old English, continues to develop in Modern English period. In Shakespeare there is a developed system of perfect forms: "I know the good king and queen have sent for you. ” (II,2)"He hath, my lord, of late made many tenders of his affection to me." (I,3) "Ere yet the salt of most that the unrighteous tears had left the flushing in her galled eyes, she married. ” (I,2)
"I have thought some of nature's journeymen had made men. ” (III,2)
During the early English and late English period there is a further restriction of the use of the verb "to be" as an auxiliary verb analytical forms of the perfect tense. The withering away of the structure with the verb "to be" or limited its use, no doubt due to the increasing rationalization of English grammar. Moreover, the increasingly common formation of the passive forms of many intransitive verbs, and the latter is always formed with the verb "to be". Therefore, the forms of the perfect tense with the verb "to be" is only possible from such verbs that by their meaning cannot have passive forms. However, in fast colloquial speech in the third person singular perfect tense of both forms coincide in sound respect: as the "is" and "has" be reduced to [z]. However, Shakespeare sometimes there are forms of the perfect tense of verbs of motion with the auxiliary verb "to be":
"My hour is almost come. ” (I,5)
"The ambassadors from Norway, my lord, are joyfully return'd." (II,2)
"The actors are come hither, my lord. ” (II,2)
"Where is he gone? ” (IV, 1)
"Her brother is in secret come from France. ” (IV,5)
"Hamlet return'd shall know you are come home." (IV,7)
"... you from England, are here arrived. ” (V,2)
In the future, these forms gradually out of use.