- •Content
- •Сontent module 11: blood system physiology
- •Lesson 31
- •Blood physical-chemical features investigation
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •3.2.Topic content
- •Introduction
- •Variations in plasma protein level
- •Increase in all fractions
- •Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. To get acquainted with blood taking technology for analysis performance.
- •Task 2. To determine erythrocytes osmotic resistance.
- •Task 3. Velocity sedimentation rate (vsr) determining.
- •2. Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 32
- •Erythrocytes number and hemoglobin concentration investigation
- •Introduction and normal value
- •Variations in number of red blood cells
- •Variations in size of red blood cells
- •Variations in shape of red blood cells
- •In postnatal life and in adults
- •2. Hormones:
- •1. Vitamin b12 (Cyanocobalamin)
- •2. Intrinsic Factor of Castle
- •3. Folic Acid
- •Neural-humoral erythropoiesis regulation
- •Erythropoiesis inhibitors
- •Iron metabolism
- •Task 1. To determine erythrocytes amount in blood.
- •Task 2. Hemoglobin content determining in blood.
- •Task 3. To estimate blood color index.
- •Lesson 33
- •Blood groups belonging investigation
- •2. Study aims:
- •Table 2. The blood groups with their genotypes and their constituent agglutinogens and agglutinins
- •Materials for auditory self-work
- •4.1. List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 2. To determine rhesus-factor while express-method usage.
- •Task 3. To perform probe on individual compatibility.
- •Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 34
- •Leucocytes number, leucocytic formule investigation
- •2. Study aims:
- •Variations in the count of white blood cells
- •Innate immunity
- •Introduction
- •Immunization
- •1. Interleukins
- •2. Interferons
- •Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)
- •Differentiated leucocytes ageing changing in children
- •Leucocytes functions significance in dentistry
- •Materials for auditory self-work
- •Task 1 Leucocytes estimation in Goryaev’s chamber
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •Lesson 35
- •Platelets and vascular-platelet hemostasis investigation
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •Complications after teeth extraction in patients with microcirculative hemostasis disorders
- •2. Study aims:
- •Error: Reference source not found
- •4 Forms of platelets:
- •Hemostasis
- •Platelet plug formation
- •Vascular-platelet hemostasis
- •Vessels temporary spasm:
- •Vessels injury
- •Adhesion
- •Platelets
- •Releasing reaction
- •4. Materials for auditory self-work
- •4.1. List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. Bleeding duration determining (by Duke).
- •Task 2. Aggregatogram analysis principle.
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 36
- •Blood coagulation investigation
- •Physiological bases of measurements at prolonged bleeding after tooth extraction
- •Physiological basement of patients preparation to tooth extraction at blood diseases
- •Complications occurring after tooth extraction in patients with blood coagulation disorders
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •Topic content
- •Plasma blood coagulation factors
- •Materials for auditory self-work
- •Task 1. To study thromboelastogram.
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 37
- •Differentiated coagulogram. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) syndrome
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •Topic content
- •Main pathological processes and influences accompanied by dic-syndrome development (dic ethiology)
- •Dic types:
- •4. Materials for auditory self-work
- •4.1. List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. Coagulogram for dic-syndrome (disseminated intravascular coagulation) diagnostics
- •Task 2. To assess hematomic hemorrhagia type.
- •Task 3. To assess microcirculative (petekchio-spotted) haemorrhagia type
- •Task 4. To assess mixed (microcirculative-haematomic) bleeding type
- •Task 5. To get acquainted to doctor tactics at vasculite-purpure and microangiomatose bleedings types
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 38
- •Fibrinolysis and anticoagulants. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis regulation
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •3.2. Topic content
- •Table 5. Main primary physiological anticoagulants
- •Plasminogen
- •Hageman-dependent
- •Hageman-independent
- •Plasmin
- •Task 1. Blood fibrinolytic activity determining.
- •Task 2. Fibrinolytic bleeding laboratory diagnostics principles.
- •Task 3. Getting acquaintance with some tests characterizing hemostasis anticoagulant link
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 39
- •Total blood
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •3.2. Topic content
- •Coagulogram changes in children
- •In mature new-borned
- •In immature new-borned:
- •Total blood
- •4. Literature recommended:
- •Lesson 40
- •Practical skills on blood system physiology
- •Glossary
- •Blood system physiology
- •Tests on blood physiology
2. Hormones:
Thyroxine - in addition to erythropoietin, thyroxine also forms an important general factor for erythropoiesis. Thyroxine accelerates the process of erythropoiesis at many levels. In hyperthyroidism, polycythemia is common.
Hypophyseal erythropoietical hormone, ACTH, STH - enforce erythropoiesis.
Suprarenal glands – glucocorticoids, adrenaline - enforce erythropoiesis.
Parathyroid - parathormone - enforces erythropoiesis.
Female sexual organs – erythropoiesis weakening.
Male sexual organs - enforce erythropoiesis.
3. Hemopoietic Growth Factors
Hemopoietic growth factors or growth inducers are the interleukins and stem cell factor (steel factor). Generally these factors induce the proliferation of pluripotent stem cells.
Interleukins (IL) are glycoproteins which belong to the cytokines family. The interleukins involved in erythropoiesis are.interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and inter-leukin-11 (IL-11). IL-3 is secreted by T lymphocyte. IL-6 is secreted by T lymphocytes, endothelial cells and macrophages. IL-11 is secreted by osteoblasts.
4. Colony Stimulating Factors
The colony stimulating factors (CSF) cause the formation of colony forming blastocytes. There are three types of colony stimulating factors.
1) Granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) secreted by monocytes and endothelial cells.
2) Granulocyte-Monocyte CSF (GM-CSF) secreted by monocytes, endothelial cells and T lymphocytes
3) Monocyte CSF ( M-CSF) secreted by monocytes and endothelial cells.
5. Vitamins
Some vitamins are also necessary for the process of erythropoiesis. The deficiency of these vitamins cause anemia associated with other disorders. The vitamins, which are necessary for erythropoiesis are:
Vitamin B: Its deficiency causes anemia and pellagra.
Vitamin C: Its deficiency causes anemia and scurvy.
Vitamin D: Its deficiency causes anemia and rickets.
MATURATION FACTORS
Vitamin B12, intrinsic factor and folic acid are necessary for the maturation of red blood cells.
1. Vitamin b12 (Cyanocobalamin)
This is essential for maturation of erythrocytes. The deficiency of vitamin B12 causes pernicious anemia. So, Vitamin B12 is called antipernicious factor.
Source of Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is called extrinsic factor because it is obtained mostly from diet. Its absorption from the intestine requires the presence of intrinsic factor of Castle. Vitamin B12 is stored in the liver and muscle (mostly liver). Where necessary, it is transported to the bone marrow to promote maturation of red blood cells. It is also produced in the large intestine by the intestinal flora.
Action of Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is essential for synthesis of DNA. Its deficit leads to failure in maturation of the cell and reduction of the cell division. Also, the cells are larger with fragile and, weak cell membrane.