- •Content
- •Сontent module 11: blood system physiology
- •Lesson 31
- •Blood physical-chemical features investigation
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •3.2.Topic content
- •Introduction
- •Variations in plasma protein level
- •Increase in all fractions
- •Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. To get acquainted with blood taking technology for analysis performance.
- •Task 2. To determine erythrocytes osmotic resistance.
- •Task 3. Velocity sedimentation rate (vsr) determining.
- •2. Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 32
- •Erythrocytes number and hemoglobin concentration investigation
- •Introduction and normal value
- •Variations in number of red blood cells
- •Variations in size of red blood cells
- •Variations in shape of red blood cells
- •In postnatal life and in adults
- •2. Hormones:
- •1. Vitamin b12 (Cyanocobalamin)
- •2. Intrinsic Factor of Castle
- •3. Folic Acid
- •Neural-humoral erythropoiesis regulation
- •Erythropoiesis inhibitors
- •Iron metabolism
- •Task 1. To determine erythrocytes amount in blood.
- •Task 2. Hemoglobin content determining in blood.
- •Task 3. To estimate blood color index.
- •Lesson 33
- •Blood groups belonging investigation
- •2. Study aims:
- •Table 2. The blood groups with their genotypes and their constituent agglutinogens and agglutinins
- •Materials for auditory self-work
- •4.1. List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 2. To determine rhesus-factor while express-method usage.
- •Task 3. To perform probe on individual compatibility.
- •Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 34
- •Leucocytes number, leucocytic formule investigation
- •2. Study aims:
- •Variations in the count of white blood cells
- •Innate immunity
- •Introduction
- •Immunization
- •1. Interleukins
- •2. Interferons
- •Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)
- •Differentiated leucocytes ageing changing in children
- •Leucocytes functions significance in dentistry
- •Materials for auditory self-work
- •Task 1 Leucocytes estimation in Goryaev’s chamber
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •Lesson 35
- •Platelets and vascular-platelet hemostasis investigation
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •Complications after teeth extraction in patients with microcirculative hemostasis disorders
- •2. Study aims:
- •Error: Reference source not found
- •4 Forms of platelets:
- •Hemostasis
- •Platelet plug formation
- •Vascular-platelet hemostasis
- •Vessels temporary spasm:
- •Vessels injury
- •Adhesion
- •Platelets
- •Releasing reaction
- •4. Materials for auditory self-work
- •4.1. List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. Bleeding duration determining (by Duke).
- •Task 2. Aggregatogram analysis principle.
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 36
- •Blood coagulation investigation
- •Physiological bases of measurements at prolonged bleeding after tooth extraction
- •Physiological basement of patients preparation to tooth extraction at blood diseases
- •Complications occurring after tooth extraction in patients with blood coagulation disorders
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •Topic content
- •Plasma blood coagulation factors
- •Materials for auditory self-work
- •Task 1. To study thromboelastogram.
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 37
- •Differentiated coagulogram. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) syndrome
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •Topic content
- •Main pathological processes and influences accompanied by dic-syndrome development (dic ethiology)
- •Dic types:
- •4. Materials for auditory self-work
- •4.1. List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. Coagulogram for dic-syndrome (disseminated intravascular coagulation) diagnostics
- •Task 2. To assess hematomic hemorrhagia type.
- •Task 3. To assess microcirculative (petekchio-spotted) haemorrhagia type
- •Task 4. To assess mixed (microcirculative-haematomic) bleeding type
- •Task 5. To get acquainted to doctor tactics at vasculite-purpure and microangiomatose bleedings types
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 38
- •Fibrinolysis and anticoagulants. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis regulation
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •3.2. Topic content
- •Table 5. Main primary physiological anticoagulants
- •Plasminogen
- •Hageman-dependent
- •Hageman-independent
- •Plasmin
- •Task 1. Blood fibrinolytic activity determining.
- •Task 2. Fibrinolytic bleeding laboratory diagnostics principles.
- •Task 3. Getting acquaintance with some tests characterizing hemostasis anticoagulant link
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 39
- •Total blood
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •3.2. Topic content
- •Coagulogram changes in children
- •In mature new-borned
- •In immature new-borned:
- •Total blood
- •4. Literature recommended:
- •Lesson 40
- •Practical skills on blood system physiology
- •Glossary
- •Blood system physiology
- •Tests on blood physiology
Lesson 36
Blood coagulation investigation
1. The topic studied actuality.
According to World Health Organization, hemostasiopathies place the first position among the death reasons in adult population.
Salivary glands secret as well as oral cavity different tissues (parodont, salivary glands, mucosa) possess expressed thromboplastin features. These features are the mostly expressed in aged people and in the old. Such an activity is a sign of all saliva types – submandibular, sublingual and parotid one.
Besides thromboplastin, saliva has also other procoagulants. They are analogues of V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XIII plasmic factors part of which is probably filtrated from blood. Saliva can not coagulate because of I and II factors absence.
Anticoagulants (antithromboplastins and antithrombins) were also found in saliva. Their level is less comparatively to the one of procoagulants. They have no such an importance in physiological and pathological processes in oral cavity.
Physiological bases of measurements at prolonged bleeding after tooth extraction
They include:
1) careful local haemostasis by means of making tampons with thrombin, haemostatic spongea and epsilone-aminocapronic acid;
2) in parallel to this – replacement therapy taking into account blood coagulation factors deficiency.
Physiological basement of patients preparation to tooth extraction at blood diseases
Such patients can have complications as bleedings after operations. That’s why doctor before dental manipulation performance must ask the patient whether he had prolonged bleedings at wounds or operations. If it is necessary the patient must be consulted in hematologist. In separate patients with blood diseases dental operations should be done at in-patient department.
At hemophilia in patient dentist should follow systemic approaches 1st stage:
anamnesis taking;
X-ray examination;
special protective plates making from plastic mass (such plates are putted right before the operation or in the operation day).
The IInd stage – operational one. Local anaesthesia should be done with thin needle application. All manipulations on tooth extraction are sparing with maximal mucosa ruptures. They perform hemostasis with haemostatic sponge application, thrombin, aminocapronic acid and protective plate. They perform replacement therapy by hemopreparations injecting (plasma +necessary coagulation factors).
The IIIrd stage – post-operational. Replacement therapy continuation.
Complications occurring after tooth extraction in patients with blood coagulation disorders
In such patients there can be long-termed massive bleedings from oral mucosa at its traumas and especially after tooth extraction. In patients with haemophilia tooth is more widely spread. It is delt with teeth mineralization disorder on the background of total decalcination due to frequent bleedings. Frequent bleedings lead to clots appearance in cavity and thus to bacterias and inflammation development.