- •Content
- •Сontent module 11: blood system physiology
- •Lesson 31
- •Blood physical-chemical features investigation
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •3.2.Topic content
- •Introduction
- •Variations in plasma protein level
- •Increase in all fractions
- •Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. To get acquainted with blood taking technology for analysis performance.
- •Task 2. To determine erythrocytes osmotic resistance.
- •Task 3. Velocity sedimentation rate (vsr) determining.
- •2. Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 32
- •Erythrocytes number and hemoglobin concentration investigation
- •Introduction and normal value
- •Variations in number of red blood cells
- •Variations in size of red blood cells
- •Variations in shape of red blood cells
- •In postnatal life and in adults
- •2. Hormones:
- •1. Vitamin b12 (Cyanocobalamin)
- •2. Intrinsic Factor of Castle
- •3. Folic Acid
- •Neural-humoral erythropoiesis regulation
- •Erythropoiesis inhibitors
- •Iron metabolism
- •Task 1. To determine erythrocytes amount in blood.
- •Task 2. Hemoglobin content determining in blood.
- •Task 3. To estimate blood color index.
- •Lesson 33
- •Blood groups belonging investigation
- •2. Study aims:
- •Table 2. The blood groups with their genotypes and their constituent agglutinogens and agglutinins
- •Materials for auditory self-work
- •4.1. List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 2. To determine rhesus-factor while express-method usage.
- •Task 3. To perform probe on individual compatibility.
- •Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 34
- •Leucocytes number, leucocytic formule investigation
- •2. Study aims:
- •Variations in the count of white blood cells
- •Innate immunity
- •Introduction
- •Immunization
- •1. Interleukins
- •2. Interferons
- •Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)
- •Differentiated leucocytes ageing changing in children
- •Leucocytes functions significance in dentistry
- •Materials for auditory self-work
- •Task 1 Leucocytes estimation in Goryaev’s chamber
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •Lesson 35
- •Platelets and vascular-platelet hemostasis investigation
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •Complications after teeth extraction in patients with microcirculative hemostasis disorders
- •2. Study aims:
- •Error: Reference source not found
- •4 Forms of platelets:
- •Hemostasis
- •Platelet plug formation
- •Vascular-platelet hemostasis
- •Vessels temporary spasm:
- •Vessels injury
- •Adhesion
- •Platelets
- •Releasing reaction
- •4. Materials for auditory self-work
- •4.1. List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. Bleeding duration determining (by Duke).
- •Task 2. Aggregatogram analysis principle.
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 36
- •Blood coagulation investigation
- •Physiological bases of measurements at prolonged bleeding after tooth extraction
- •Physiological basement of patients preparation to tooth extraction at blood diseases
- •Complications occurring after tooth extraction in patients with blood coagulation disorders
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •Topic content
- •Plasma blood coagulation factors
- •Materials for auditory self-work
- •Task 1. To study thromboelastogram.
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 37
- •Differentiated coagulogram. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) syndrome
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •Topic content
- •Main pathological processes and influences accompanied by dic-syndrome development (dic ethiology)
- •Dic types:
- •4. Materials for auditory self-work
- •4.1. List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. Coagulogram for dic-syndrome (disseminated intravascular coagulation) diagnostics
- •Task 2. To assess hematomic hemorrhagia type.
- •Task 3. To assess microcirculative (petekchio-spotted) haemorrhagia type
- •Task 4. To assess mixed (microcirculative-haematomic) bleeding type
- •Task 5. To get acquainted to doctor tactics at vasculite-purpure and microangiomatose bleedings types
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 38
- •Fibrinolysis and anticoagulants. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis regulation
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •3.2. Topic content
- •Table 5. Main primary physiological anticoagulants
- •Plasminogen
- •Hageman-dependent
- •Hageman-independent
- •Plasmin
- •Task 1. Blood fibrinolytic activity determining.
- •Task 2. Fibrinolytic bleeding laboratory diagnostics principles.
- •Task 3. Getting acquaintance with some tests characterizing hemostasis anticoagulant link
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 39
- •Total blood
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •3.2. Topic content
- •Coagulogram changes in children
- •In mature new-borned
- •In immature new-borned:
- •Total blood
- •4. Literature recommended:
- •Lesson 40
- •Practical skills on blood system physiology
- •Glossary
- •Blood system physiology
- •Tests on blood physiology
Erythrocytes structure and quantity, their amount changings under physiological conditions.
Erythrocytes functions.
Erythropoiesis regulation, specific and non-specific erythropoiesis regulative ways. Salivary glands role in this process.
Hemoglobin molecule structure, hemoglobins types.
Hemoglobin functions.
Hemoglobin chemicals in blood.
Color index.
Erythrocytic hemolysis, its types.
Hemolysins.
Different environments and solutions influence on erythrocytic hemolysis.
Lesson 33
Blood groups belonging investigation
1. The topic studied actuality. Data about blood grouping is essential in clinical and theoretical medicine as well as in people' everyday life. Blood groups can be determined in saliva because there are proteins similar structurally to the ones of erythrocytes agglutinogens of human being corresponding blood group.
Blood groups role in medicine
I. Identic blood groups are only in one-egged twins. Anjes has proposed blood-replacers in 1838. Blood transfusion leads to hepatitis A, B, C (25%), AIDS. Cancer rate is increased after blood transfusions (recidives, metastases et al.) as well as the one of many infectious diseases. Artificial blood does not have antigenic features. If blood loss is from 800 ml to 1500 ml than measurements must not be done. Blood comes from depot. Deponated blood is viscous because it contains many erythrocytes. That is why doctor must inject 0,9% of NaCl and the patient should drink much. Autotransfusions are rather useful during operations: the patient gives his blood that is given him back during the surgery. Blood transfusions are possible only at acute surgical situations and at obstetric-gynecological ones.
There are 3 rules of hemotransfusion:
the donor environment must correspond to the one of recipient: one must describe agglutinogens content in donor (they are very stable) and agglutinins in recipients;
donor and recipient blood must be compatible.
Universal donor (one-grouped blood) and recipient must not be because there are more than 500 antigens on erythrocytic membrane (400 mln of combinations). If to add other blood antigens than there will be 700 bln of combinations. Thus, blood is different in every person (because combinations amount is more than people on Earth).
Agglutination must be absent at donor's blood mixture with the recipient's one.
Only the freshest, warm blood can be transfused. Plasma is less antigenic.
II. Transplanting problem. Every cell allows assessment blood group. For instance, if agglutinogen A is present in blood it is present in every cell. Organs banks are created.
III. Blood groups and diseases:
I (0): - ulcer disease of stomach and duodenum – agglutinogens A and B having been released in stomach and pancreatic juice content prevent wall from proteolytic enzymes (these agglutinogens are absent in people with the I-st blood group):
- abscesses;
- lymphadenopathies;
- syphilis;
- liver cirrhosis;
- cholecystitis;
- appendicitis;
- ulcerous stomatitis;
- gingivitis (and other inflammatory disease);
- pernicious anemias;
- acute respiratory viral infections;
- excessive bleedings (blood coagulation weakening);
II (A): - thromboses (excessive blood coagulation);
- diabetes mellitus;
- heart-vascular system diseases in part hypertonic disease;
- myocardial infarction and strokes (due to enforced blood coagulation);
III (B): - infectious (especially hard and atypic, tropical);
IV (AB): - tumors;
- thrombotic states (less than in people with the A (II).
Rh-negative people have blood diseases more often in 6 times in comparison to Rh-positive people. Patients with congenital heart vices complicated with infectious endocarditis are most often the ones with negative rhesus. O(I)Rh- often have paroxysmal night hemoglobinury (disease of Markiafava-Mikelli), innate hemolytic, hypoplastic and aplastic anemias.
People with II (A), IV (AB) are drug-dependent more than the others.
Although one must take into account that links between blood groups and morbidity carry not direct character but the one mediated by other factors. More visible dependence is present between leucocytes antigens (HLA) and especially the ones of the II-nd class and predisposition to different diseases. This fact is determined by the following: HLA defines immune response intensiveness as well as answer for local immunity in separate organs.
Rh-conflict can lead to miscarriages, fetus intrauteral death, immaturity, toxicoses of mothers.
Paternity canceling – on the base of MNS-system genes.
Forensic medicine – hairs, urine, sperm or other organs and tissues contains antigens that can prove or disprove personality.
Blood groups significance in theoretical medicine and everyday life
Anthropology deals with blood grouping because every race, even simple ethnic groups can be differentiated by one or another blood group dominance. For example, seldom antigen Diego has been discovered in Polynesia inhabitants. Syria Arabs possess O(I) and A(II) more often than B(III). IV(AB) is practically absent in them. 90% of American Indians have 0(I).