- •1. Explain electrodeposition technology of tungsten
- •2. Discraibe the electrodeposition technoly of molybdenum.
- •3. Explain electrodeposition technoly of rhenium
- •4. Explain electrodeposition technoly of platinium.
- •6. Explain electrodeposition technoly of rhodium
- •7. Explain electrodeposition technoly of osmium.
- •10. Give a certificate of electrochemical methods of Thallium
- •11. Explain electrochemical deposition methods Iridium
- •12. Give an explanation about Electrochemical methods of obtaining germanium.
- •13. Tell about electrochemical methods of producing niobium
- •14. Give an explanation about Electrochemical obtaning methods of vanadium
- •16. Explain about the technology of electrochemical production of bismuth
- •17.Tell about the technology of electrochemical production of titanium
- •18. Tell about the technology of electrochemical production of gold
- •19.Tell about the technology of electrochemical production of silver.
- •20. How to prepare electrolyte for electrodeposition of niobium from organic solution
- •21. How to prepare alkaline glycerol electolyte for electrodeposition of antimony.
- •22. How to prepare alkaline electolyte for electrodeposition of Gallium
- •24. Explain Kazarov, Loshkarev and chloride electrolyte solution for obtain indium.
- •25. Discribe about Marchenko, Ionychev and cyanide electrolyte solution for obtain indium.
- •26.Discribe about sulforic acid and hbf4 electrolyte solution for obtain indium.
- •27. Iurev and Icakova Elctrolyte for obtain ruthenium.
- •28. How to prepare chloride or Kadaner electrolyte for electrodeposition of ruthenium
- •29. How to prepare electrolyte solution for electrodeposition of ruthenium
- •30.Discribe about electrolyte solution for electrodeposition of platinium.
- •31. How to prepare chloride electrolyte for electroreduction of paladium
- •32. How to prepare chloride electrolyte for electroreduction of paladium
- •33.How to prepare nitrite electrolyte for electroreduction of paladium
- •34. How to prepare sulfamine and monoethanolamine electrolyte for electroreduction of paladium
- •35. How to prepare amino chloride electrolyte for electroreduction of rhodium
- •36. Tell about electrolyte composition for obtain of osmium
- •37. Explain chloride electrolyte for obtain Iridium by electrochemical process.
- •38. Tell about nitrite electrolyte solutions for deposition of platinium.
- •39. How to prepare nitirc electrolyte for electrodeposition of bismuth
- •40. How to prepare organical electrolyte for electrodeposition of bismuth.
- •41. How to prepare electrolyte solution for electrodeposition of arsenium
- •42. Explain cyanide electrolyte solution forelectro deposition of silver.
- •43. Explain cyanide electrolyte solution for electro deposition of gold.
- •44. How to prepare sulfamine and monoethanolamine electrolyte for electroreduction of palladium
- •45. How to prepare amino chloride electrolyte for electroreduction of rhodium
12. Give an explanation about Electrochemical methods of obtaining germanium.
Germanium — light gray metal with a density of 5.32 g/cm3 and a melting point of 936° C. Its atomic weight of 72.6, and the electrochemical equivalent of 0.67 g/(Ah). Dissolves in strong sulphuric and nitric acids and in Aqua Regia. Sonochemistry polycrystalline germanium is supplied. Galvanic deposition of germanium, is a semiconductor, can be used in the electronic industry. Research B. V. Ostroumova, deposition of germanium is made from a non-aqueous electrolyte consisting of 5% solution germanium tetrachloride GeCl4 in ethylene glycol, at a temperature of 50-60° C and a cathodic current density 20 A/dm2.
As anodes use graphite plates. The mode germanium is deposited as a dark grey coating with the current efficiency about 2%. The deposition rate is 1 µm/h. There is also guidance on getting a very thin layer of electroplated coatings of germanium from an aqueous electrolyte containing 120 g/l of sodium hydroxide. There is a description of aqueous electrolyte with the following composition (g/l) and mode: Sulfide GeS2 germanium........... 20 Caustic potash KOH............... 40 Sodium sulfide Na2S............. 12 Temperature, °C................ 30 The current density, A/dm2........... 2,5
13. Tell about electrochemical methods of producing niobium
Niobium has a density of 8.55 g/cm3 and a melting point of 2500° C. the Atomic weight of niobium to 92.9. Stan-convenience, electrode potential In Nb -1,1 and electrochemical equivalent of 1.15 g/(A-h). The metal niobium well soluble in mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acids when heated. For galvanic deposition of niobium Prof. M. A., Shluger suggested electrolyte based on niobium acid. For composing the electrolyte of the niobic acid is dissolved in hydrofluoric acid, and then introduced the other components. The electrolyte, according to the source components, has the following composition (g/l) and mode: Niobium acid............. 15-17 Hydrofluoric acid ............ 120-240 Ammonium fluoride ....... . ... . 15-20 Formaldehyde................ 7-15 Temperature, °C .............. 50±10 The current density, A/dm2 ......... 15±5 The electrolyte requires a preliminary study for 2 hours. Shiny coating change the shade from light gray to dark gray with increasing temperature of the electrolyte and current density. The current output is about 0.1%. Galvanically niobium coating can be used in the production of superconductors. The second electrolyte allows to besiege niobium* from non-aqueous solutions of pentachloride of niobium and compiled on the basis of organic solvents. For preparation of the electrolyte pentachloride, niobium, weighed at the rate of 10-15 g/l of electrolyte, dissolved in benzene with the formation of the solution orange-red color. Then the solution was added dropwise amyl, butyl or propyl acetate until complete dissolution of niobium pentachloride, as indicated by the color change of the solution to light yellow. As the last component of the injected methanol, after which the electrolyte becomes colorless and transparent. The electrolyte for the source components has the following composition and mode of operation: Pentachloride, niobium, g/l..........10-15 Benzene, ml/l................. 500-600 Amylacetate, ml/l ........: . . . . 20-30 Methanol, ml/l............. 300-500 All solvents should be thoroughly drained, and the prepared electrolyte is maintained for some time for the formation of complex compounds, are able to discharge at the cathode. The prepared electrolyte is very stable to hydrolysis in air. The process of deposition of niobium is conducted at a temperature of 45 ± 5° C and a cathodic current density of 10 =t 5 mA/cm2, using as niobium anodes and cathodes — iron. The area ratio of cathode to anode 1:7. From said electrolyte in the electrolysis for 2 h get a shiny surface.