- •1. Explain electrodeposition technology of tungsten
- •2. Discraibe the electrodeposition technoly of molybdenum.
- •3. Explain electrodeposition technoly of rhenium
- •4. Explain electrodeposition technoly of platinium.
- •6. Explain electrodeposition technoly of rhodium
- •7. Explain electrodeposition technoly of osmium.
- •10. Give a certificate of electrochemical methods of Thallium
- •11. Explain electrochemical deposition methods Iridium
- •12. Give an explanation about Electrochemical methods of obtaining germanium.
- •13. Tell about electrochemical methods of producing niobium
- •14. Give an explanation about Electrochemical obtaning methods of vanadium
- •16. Explain about the technology of electrochemical production of bismuth
- •17.Tell about the technology of electrochemical production of titanium
- •18. Tell about the technology of electrochemical production of gold
- •19.Tell about the technology of electrochemical production of silver.
- •20. How to prepare electrolyte for electrodeposition of niobium from organic solution
- •21. How to prepare alkaline glycerol electolyte for electrodeposition of antimony.
- •22. How to prepare alkaline electolyte for electrodeposition of Gallium
- •24. Explain Kazarov, Loshkarev and chloride electrolyte solution for obtain indium.
- •25. Discribe about Marchenko, Ionychev and cyanide electrolyte solution for obtain indium.
- •26.Discribe about sulforic acid and hbf4 electrolyte solution for obtain indium.
- •27. Iurev and Icakova Elctrolyte for obtain ruthenium.
- •28. How to prepare chloride or Kadaner electrolyte for electrodeposition of ruthenium
- •29. How to prepare electrolyte solution for electrodeposition of ruthenium
- •30.Discribe about electrolyte solution for electrodeposition of platinium.
- •31. How to prepare chloride electrolyte for electroreduction of paladium
- •32. How to prepare chloride electrolyte for electroreduction of paladium
- •33.How to prepare nitrite electrolyte for electroreduction of paladium
- •34. How to prepare sulfamine and monoethanolamine electrolyte for electroreduction of paladium
- •35. How to prepare amino chloride electrolyte for electroreduction of rhodium
- •36. Tell about electrolyte composition for obtain of osmium
- •37. Explain chloride electrolyte for obtain Iridium by electrochemical process.
- •38. Tell about nitrite electrolyte solutions for deposition of platinium.
- •39. How to prepare nitirc electrolyte for electrodeposition of bismuth
- •40. How to prepare organical electrolyte for electrodeposition of bismuth.
- •41. How to prepare electrolyte solution for electrodeposition of arsenium
- •42. Explain cyanide electrolyte solution forelectro deposition of silver.
- •43. Explain cyanide electrolyte solution for electro deposition of gold.
- •44. How to prepare sulfamine and monoethanolamine electrolyte for electroreduction of palladium
- •45. How to prepare amino chloride electrolyte for electroreduction of rhodium
31. How to prepare chloride electrolyte for electroreduction of paladium
Of electrolytes for the deposition of palladium received an application of phosphate, nitrite and aminofluorene. For all of these main electrolytes salt is palladium chloride, supplied by our industry (MPT Have 6-09-1502-^72).
In the laboratory get H2PdCl4, palladium chloride, rolling after repeated evaporation with HCl to reddish-brown crystals PdCl2 X X 2H2O. For its finely cut metallic palladium, placed it in a porcelain Cup, pour strong nitric acid and heated to boiling on a sand bath. Further additives are dissolving with Aqua Regia until the full transition metal in the salt solution. After evaporation of excess solution to poorly solublecrystalline state administered supplements of hydrochloric acid with a density of 1.19 g/cm3 and several times was evaporated almost to dryness. The obtained crystals of palladium chloride used for the further preparation of the electrolytes.
Palladium chloride easy can also be obtained by anodic dissolution of metallic palladium in hydrochloric acid. The electrolyte is obtained by dilution of strong hydrochloric acid with water in a ratio of 1:1, and then halt the anodes of palladium and the metal is transferred into a solution of palladium chloride at a temperature of 15-25° C and anode current density of 5-10 A/dm2.
For the preparation of the phosphate electrolyte is dissolved in water chloride, palladium, poured to him, and benzoic acid • the mixture is injected in small doses while stirring to the hot solution of the phosphates..
Phosphate electrolyte with the following composition (g/l) and mode of deposition:
PdCI2 palladium chloride.2H20...... 30
disubstitutedsodium phosphate
Na2HPO4.12H2O.............. 100
Disubstitutedammonium phosphate
(NH4)2HP04.12H20............. 50
Benzoic acid Sunbae ....... 2,5
Temperature, °C .............. 70-80
The current density DK, A/dm2 ......... 0,7
pH..................... 6,5—7,0
The current output %, % . -.......... 90
The process is carried out using insoluble graphite or palladium anodes. The same electrolyte composition suitable for the bell bath.Coating with the thickness up to 10 µm are obtained dense and shiny.
The adjustment of the electrolyte composition is produced mainly palladium chloride dissolved in a pre-selected dose of the electrolyte when heated. The technological process of deposition of palladium i parts of copper and its alloys is the chemical alkaline solutions degreasing, etching in a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, deposition of palladium and washed in non-flowing (distilled) water to the trapping of salts of palladium.
32. How to prepare chloride electrolyte for electroreduction of paladium
Regeneration of palladium from electrolyte is produced by deposition of a diamine palladium chloride with hydrochloric acid. The resulting precipitate was washed, dried, heated in a crucible until the formation of the black oxide of palladium, and then calcined in a muffle at 1000° C for 20-30 min to obtain a metal palladium. Other electrolytes should be mentioned Sul-feminova and the electrolyte on the basis ofmonoethanolamine. The electrolyte first developed by L. I. Cabaneros and has the following composition (g/l) and mode: tf palladium Chloride, calculated on the metal 10-15 * . Ammonium chloride......... 50-70 (; Sulfamic acid ".......... 80-100 Kr sodium Nitrite . ......._..... 50-70 I • Ammonia to pH.........'..... 8,5—9 g Temperature, °C.......,...... 35-40 |: • The current density DK, A/dm2 ..... 0,5—1,0 To obtain a metallic palladium chloride, 'palladium anode is dissolved in ammonium chloride, and then add the remaining components. Monoethanolamine electrolyte developed by K - P. Batalova and contains the following components (in g/l) and mode: Palladium chloride............. 30 The monoethanolamine ............... 60 Ammonium sulfate............ 25 Temperature, °C................15-25 Density, current , A/dm2 .......•. . . 0,3 The current output t)to, % -......... • 90-95 the insoluble Anodes of platinized titanium. There is a high scattering ability of the electrolyte and gloss coatings.