- •1. Explain electrodeposition technology of tungsten
- •2. Discraibe the electrodeposition technoly of molybdenum.
- •3. Explain electrodeposition technoly of rhenium
- •4. Explain electrodeposition technoly of platinium.
- •6. Explain electrodeposition technoly of rhodium
- •7. Explain electrodeposition technoly of osmium.
- •10. Give a certificate of electrochemical methods of Thallium
- •11. Explain electrochemical deposition methods Iridium
- •12. Give an explanation about Electrochemical methods of obtaining germanium.
- •13. Tell about electrochemical methods of producing niobium
- •14. Give an explanation about Electrochemical obtaning methods of vanadium
- •16. Explain about the technology of electrochemical production of bismuth
- •17.Tell about the technology of electrochemical production of titanium
- •18. Tell about the technology of electrochemical production of gold
- •19.Tell about the technology of electrochemical production of silver.
- •20. How to prepare electrolyte for electrodeposition of niobium from organic solution
- •21. How to prepare alkaline glycerol electolyte for electrodeposition of antimony.
- •22. How to prepare alkaline electolyte for electrodeposition of Gallium
- •24. Explain Kazarov, Loshkarev and chloride electrolyte solution for obtain indium.
- •25. Discribe about Marchenko, Ionychev and cyanide electrolyte solution for obtain indium.
- •26.Discribe about sulforic acid and hbf4 electrolyte solution for obtain indium.
- •27. Iurev and Icakova Elctrolyte for obtain ruthenium.
- •28. How to prepare chloride or Kadaner electrolyte for electrodeposition of ruthenium
- •29. How to prepare electrolyte solution for electrodeposition of ruthenium
- •30.Discribe about electrolyte solution for electrodeposition of platinium.
- •31. How to prepare chloride electrolyte for electroreduction of paladium
- •32. How to prepare chloride electrolyte for electroreduction of paladium
- •33.How to prepare nitrite electrolyte for electroreduction of paladium
- •34. How to prepare sulfamine and monoethanolamine electrolyte for electroreduction of paladium
- •35. How to prepare amino chloride electrolyte for electroreduction of rhodium
- •36. Tell about electrolyte composition for obtain of osmium
- •37. Explain chloride electrolyte for obtain Iridium by electrochemical process.
- •38. Tell about nitrite electrolyte solutions for deposition of platinium.
- •39. How to prepare nitirc electrolyte for electrodeposition of bismuth
- •40. How to prepare organical electrolyte for electrodeposition of bismuth.
- •41. How to prepare electrolyte solution for electrodeposition of arsenium
- •42. Explain cyanide electrolyte solution forelectro deposition of silver.
- •43. Explain cyanide electrolyte solution for electro deposition of gold.
- •44. How to prepare sulfamine and monoethanolamine electrolyte for electroreduction of palladium
- •45. How to prepare amino chloride electrolyte for electroreduction of rhodium
27. Iurev and Icakova Elctrolyte for obtain ruthenium.
In the laboratory of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute, led by BP Yuriev, ruthenium deposition made from sulphamate electrolyte with the following composition (g / l) and the mode of operation:
Sulfamate ruthenium Ru (NH2S03) 3 in terms of metal - 4.7
Sulfamic acid NH2SO2OH - 45-55
Temperature, ° C - 70
The current density DK, A / dm2 - 5.10
Current efficiency,% - 12-13
The insoluble anodes are made of platinum. The thickness of the ruthenium layer 30 min of electrolysis is 5.3 microns.
Preparation of the electrolyte is produced by fusing a powder of ruthenium with an alkali and an oxidizing agent (1 g ruthenium on 8 g of potassium hydroxide and 2.5 g of KNO3). The resulting Ru (OH) 3 dissolved in a sulfamic acid.
Dissolution ruthenium this electrolyte can be performed using the alternating current as described for the chloride electrolyte.
In one with sulfamic acid electrolyte ruthenium is introduced into the electrolyte in the form nitrosochloride in an amount up to 4 g / l in terms of metal *.
SY Griliches and DS Isakov recommend deposition of ruthenium nitrohloridnogo electrolyte with the following composition (g / l) and the precipitation regime:
RuNOCl3 in terms of metallic ruthenium 4-5
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 - 5-15; Temperature, ° C - 65-70
Current density Dk, A / dm 2 - 1.0-1.5
Current efficiency% -15
This electrolyte obtained ^ bright and dense coating 6 microns thick.
The NM Szmielew paper contains the electrolyte, wherein the basic salt used gidroksilorid ruthenium Ru (OH) Cl3.
28. How to prepare chloride or Kadaner electrolyte for electrodeposition of ruthenium
Ruthenium is insoluble in alkalis and acids, and even Aqua Regia weakly affects him. Electroplating of a ruthenium can be used for electrical contacts because of its hardness, wear resistance and low transition resistance. For the galvanic deposition of ruthenium has developed a number of electrolytes, including chloride, sulfamine-tions, nitrosochlorides etc. The most simple, as the method of cooking, ¦and chloride are electrolytes, developed by L. I. Cadavera. For the preparation of the electrolyte in a glass tray and poured the calculated amount of powder metal ruthenium and fill it with hydrochloric acid with a concentration of HCl = 35H-40 g/l (1H) in an amount that corresponds to the given volume of electrolyte. To speed up the process of dissolving a powder of ruthenium is separated into two parts by a glass bulkhead on the bottom of the bath and injected into each of the compartments of the bath on the platinum electrode, immersing them into a powder and securely insulating parts of the electrodes in contact with the electrolyte. The electrodes are connected to a source of alternating current with industrial frequency 50 Hz and electrolytically dissolve ruthenium at a temperature of 25-30° C and a current density of 50 A/dm2, This method provides a high rate of dissolution of ruthenium (up to 8 g/l in terms of metal for 24 h). minimum metal loss by dissolution. It is suitable to dissolve the ruthenium in hydrochloric, sulfuric, sulfamic and other acids. For chloride electrolyte we recommend the following composition (g/l) and mode: Ruthenium chloride in terms of metal . . . 2^-3,5 Hydrochloric acid............... 35-40' Temperature, °C...............15-25 The deposition is conducted at the use of asymmetric AC current with frequency of 50 Hz and with a ratio of the cathodic and anodic current densities of 3:1. Thus, when the cathodic current density 50 A/dm2 anode density was 17 A/dm2. An electrical power supply circuit of the bath of asymmetric alternating current is shown in Fig. 6. As can be seen from the diagram, the direction of the current changes with diodes included in the network, in opposite directions. Rheostats, connected in series with the diodes, make it possible to choose any ratio of the densities of the cathodic and anodic current. •Output current in this mode is about 2%. Coatings on copper, brass, silver, and platinum are obtained ^bright, matte with a thickness of 12-15 microns and a hardness on the device PMT-3 to 1225 kgf/mm2.