(Тесты)

Test 1

1. Fill in the English translation of the words in brackets.

1. One of the most important factors in psychological development is the (подход) to child-rearing by the parents.

2. Studies have found that (физическоеназвание) is not an effective means of disciplining children.

3. The stages (выдвинутые) by Piaget include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational stages.

4. The ability to manipulate objects (вноситьвклад) to the developing infant’s sense of mastery and competence.

5. During the preoperational stage (улучшение) are made in the child’s use of language, including (быстрыйрост) in vocabulary and a more sophisticated use of grammar.

6. At the concrete operational stage, which (длиться) until about the age of 12, the child learns to reason logically but is at first limited to reasoning about concrete things.

7. At formal operational stage the adolescent (11-15 years) can apply (абстрактные) principles and make predictions about hypothetical situations.

8. One of the most important factors in helping the infant develop trust is (социальнаяпривязанность), a strong emotional relationship between an infant and a caregiver.

2. Match the English word combinations with the Russian equivalents.

1. to improve the cognitive abilities

2. the child’s growth rate slows

3. to adapt the behavior to changes in the environment

4. rapid growth in vocabulary

5. the ability to make transitive inferences

6. the development of gender roles

7. to have an inborn need for attachment

8. tohavelearningdisabilities

a) адаптировать поведение к изменениям окружающей среды

b) способность делать переходные выводы

с) иметь врожденную потребность в привязанности

d) повысить познавательные способности

e) быстрый рост словарного запаса

f) темп роста детей замедляется

g) не иметь способностей к обучению

h) развитиегендерныхролей

3. Say the following in one or two words.

the period that extends from birth until the onset of puberty;

the application of previously learned relationships to infer new relationships;

a strong emotional relationship between an infant and a caregiver;

an expression of aversion or distaste on the face;

an ineffective, rude and non-recommended means of disciplining children; behavior patterns that are considered appropriate for males and females in a given culture.

Test 2 1. Fill in the English translation of the worlds in brackets.

1. Social psychology in the study of how people think and feel about their social world and how they (взаимодействоватьивлиять) each other.

2. Many forms of social influence are indirect and international; for example, just being with other people can affect us in (различныеспособы).

3. (Индивид) does not necessary have to be a member of (референтнаягруппа) in order to be influenced by its values.

4. Most of us (отожествлятьсебя) with several reference group, which often leads to conflicting pressures.

5. After college we tend to select new reference groups that (разделятьнашивзгляды).

6. In the process of identification we obey the norms and (принимать) the beliefs, attitudes and behaviors of groups that we respect and admire.

7. Perhaps the most important psychological tasks of (подростковыйпериод) are the formation of (идентичностьличности) and the development of healthy relations with (сверстники) and their parents.

8. Despite the normal conflicts between parental (ценности) and (подростковоеповедение), most (подростки) have positive relations with their parents.

2. Use the word given in capitals to form a derivative that fits in the space in the same line.

The intimacies of (0)… contacts also tend to decline in the larger cities. (1)… changes of (2)… prevent neighbors from becoming well- (3)… in the personal sense characteristic of (4)… groups. Apartment dweller may not know or care who lives on the same floor, (5)… being (6)… to formal courtesies. Tendencies away from (7)… and spontaneous behavior are also the result of (8)… prejudice. In the neighborhoods of the cities various races, nationalities, and (9)… live together with a degree of (10)… tolerance but the barriers of prejudice (11)… to prevent informal communication and thus increase (12)… .

NEIGHOR FREQUENCY RESIDENT AQUAINTENCE PRIME COMMUNICATE LIMITATION FRIEND SOCIETY RELIGIOUS NECESSITY TENDENCY LONELY

0 neighborly 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

3. Match the English word combinations with the Russian equivalents.

1. an example of competing reference

2. to evaluate and regulate opinions and actions

3. to stray from social norms

4. to persuade rather than coerce 5. toshare, developandsustainsocialattitudes

a) скорееубеждать, чемзаставлять

b) разделять, развивать и поддерживать социальные установки

c) отступать от социальных норм

d) пример конкурирующих референтных групп

e) оценивать и соразмерять взгляды и поступки

Test 3

1. Match each definition with the appropriate title.

1. Identification	a__ A cover term for all those processes though which a person, group or class influences the opinions, attitudes, behaviors and values of other persons, groups or classes.
2. Reference group	b__ Reciprocal effect or influence, the behavior of one acts as a stimulus for the behavior of another, and vice versa.
3. Complience	c__ The tendency to allow one’s opinions, attitudes, actions and even perceptions to be affected by prevailing opinions, attitudes, actions, and perceptions.
4. Internalization	d__ Any pattern of behavior that occurs so often within a particular society that it comes to be accepted as sanctioned by the members of that society.
5.Comformity	e__ Generally, yielding to others. Overt behavior of one person that conforms to the wishes and behaviors of others.
6.Social norm	f__ The acceptance or adoption of beliefs, values, attitudes, practices, standards, etc., as one’s own.
7.Social interaction	g__ Any groups with which a person feels some identification or emotional affiliation and which he or she uses to guide and define his or her beliefs, values and goals.
8.Social interaction	h__ A process or establishing a link between oneself and another person or group.

2. Say the following in one word.

to keep apart from others;

to continue despite opposition;

to make an agreement about something

to keep out of sight; to take place;

to test the accuracy of something;

to break the quiet, peace, rest;

to keep or get away from something;

to bring into use or into operation for the first time;

to be unsuccessful.

3. Put the words in the box under the following headings:

-positive adjectives

-negative adjectives

Caring Generous Greedy Honest Sociable Rude Helpful Lazy Double-faced Devoted Open Selfish Interested Friendly Broad-minded Easy-going Hard-working Tactless Constructive Dishonest

Test 4

1. Put each of the following words into its correct place in the passage below. separate

frustrating

in the birth rate

intimate associations

isolating effect

under conditions

various

deprived of companionship

primary-group contacts

affectional

deprivationOne society shows decline in (1)… . (Primary groups are those face-to face groups such as the family, play group, neighborhood, or village which provide relationships or intimate fellowship.) The immediate family is smaller than it was 50 years ago and, as far as population expects can now judge, postwar increases (2)… will not reverse the general trend toward the small family. This means that both adults and children have fewer (3)… within the family group. Moreover, close relationships may be obstructed by factors that (4)… the members of the small family today. We have already referred to the mother who participates in (5)… activities outside the home. (6)… frequency of the mother’s absence may produce (7)… both for her and the children. Even if she stays home, her hostility may have an (8)… upon the children. Likewise, the father will seldom see children, especially when they are small, if most of his time and energy are given to the job. Or, when he is at home, he may have a preoccupied air that makes him unapproachable. This situation will be especially (9)… to sons, who, in both home and school, find themselves almost exclusively under the influence of women and thereby (10)… with adult males.

2. Read the text and choose the appropriate answer to the questions below it.

Leon Mann (1981) applied the notion of deindividuatiory(потеряиндивидуальности) to a well-known phenomenon called “the baiting crowd,” (подстрекательствотолпы) in which a crowd has gathered at the base of a tall building where a person is threatening to commit suicide by jumping from a ledge or window. Frequently members of the crowd begin to yell at the person to jump, which is the reason for calling in “the baiting crowd”. Mann analyzed a number of such incidents, one being the night in New-York in 1938 when thousands of persons wailed. Some for eleven hours, until a man jumped from a seventeenth-floor hotel ledge. From newspaper listening of suicides and suicide attempts in the 1960s and 1970s, Mann found 21 cases in which crowds had gathered to observe someone threatening to or succeeding in committing suicide by jumping from a building, bridge, tower, or cliff. In 10 cases, the crowd had taunted and urged the victim to jump.

1.What is the author’s main point?

a) “The baiting crowd” is the reason for committing suicide.

b) The presence of the crowd restrains a suicide from his attempt in most cases.

c) The presence of the yelling and taunting crowd provokes the suicide in about 50 percent cases.

2. The author mentions all the following actions of the crowd EXEPT

a) gathered

b) yelled

c) prevented

d) wailed

3.When did one of the incidents described by L. Mann as an example of succeeding in committing suicide happen?

a) In 1981

b) In the 1960s

c) In the 1970s

d) In 1938

4. According to the passage, how many cases where the crowd had urged the victim to jump did L. Mann find?

a) 1938

b) 10

c) 21

d) 1981

5. The word “listening” in line 10 could best be replaced by

1. enumerations

2. clips

3. records

4. articles

Test 5

1. Choose the correct answer.

1. By the 1960s, psychologists began to recognize that various aspects of consciousness are too _______ and important to be neglected.

1. spread b) prevailing c) pervasive d) widespread

2. Consciousness is defined as the individual’scurrent awareness of external and ________ stimuli – that is, of events in the environment and of body sensations, memories, and thoughts.

a) inherent b) domestic c) internal d) enclosed

3. We are conscious not only when we ______ our environment (internal and external) but also when we seek to control ourselves and our environment.

1. guide b) check c) monitor d) supervise

3. We could not possibly attend to all of the stimuli that impinge on our senses; if we did, we would experience an information _______.

1. overload b) overwork c) fill d) overcrowd

3. Not all actions are ______ by conscious decisions, not are the solutions to all problems carried out at a conscious level.

1. accompanied b) regulated c) guided d) managed

3. A considerable _______ of research indicates that we register and evaluate stimuli that we do not consciously perceive.

1. organ b) body c) system d) means

3. Freud and his followers believed that there is a portion of mind, the unconscious, that contains some memories, impulses, and desires that are not _______ to consciousness.

1. accessible b) within the reach c) available d) approachable

3. Some emotionally painful memories and wishes are ______ - that is, diverted to the unconscious, where they may continue to influence our actions.

1. dismissed b) repressed c) deprived d) declined

3. Some activities are practiced so often that they become ________ or automatic.

1. systematic b) ordinary c) habitual d) accustomed

3. Meditation refers to an altered state of consciousness by _______ certain rituals and exercises.

1. performing b) achieving c) completing d) producing

2. Fill in the English translation of the words in brackets.

1. The early psychologists (определять) psychology as the study of mind and consciousness and used the introspective method to study consciousness.

2. Consciousness not only monitors ongoing behavior but plays a role in directing and (контролирование) that behavior as well.

3. Most (современные) psychologists would define psychology as the science of the behavior of organisms.

4. Altered states of consciousness can vary from the distraction of a vivid daydream to the confusion and perceptual (искажение) caused by drug intoxication.

5. The behaviorists accepted verbal responses as a substitute for (самонаблюдение, самоанализ) when the participant’s own experiences were studied.

6. Decision making and problem solving may occur at (подсознательный уровень), but this doеs not mean that all such behaviors occur without conscious reflection.

7. Freud believed that unconscious desire and impulses are cause of most (психические) illnesses.

8. Events that affect behavior, even though we (не осознавать) of perceiving them, influence us subconsciously.

9. Psychoactive drugs have long been used to (изменять) consciousness and (настроение).

10. The French psychiatrist Pierre Janet originated the concept of (диссоциация, разделение), in which under certain conditions some thoughts and actions become split off, or dissociated from the rest of consciousness and function outside of awareness.

3. Arrange the following words in pairs of a) synonyms and b) antonyms.

a)

memory psychic

behavior to inhibit

to meditate recollection

habitual to contemplate

mental conduct

to repress regular

b)

association unaware

internal to maintain

conscious to be awake

to cause dissociation

to alter external

to sleep to prevent

Test 6

1. Combine the following words into the word combinations.

internal deprivation

to monitor information

to process thoughts

to repress concentration

to accept stimuli

intense effectively

to function an idea

sleep environment

2. Match the English word combinations with the Russian equivalents.

1. conscious with superiority a) быть в сознании до последней минуты

2. conscious of discomfort b) потерять сознание

3. with a conscious air с) с сознанием своего превосходства

4. to regain consciousness d) подростки, следующие моде

5. consciousness of one’s innocence e) повышение сознания

6. to lose consciousness f) осознание своей невиновности

7. to be conscious to the last g) чувствующий неудобство

8. fashion- conscious teenagers h) прийти в себя

9. consciousness raising i) со смущенным видом

3. Say the following in one word.

the individual’s current awareness of external and internal stimuli;

the portion of the mind that contains some impulses, memories, and desires that are not accessible to consciousness;

to reject emotionally painful memories from consciousness;

the condition or time of rest in which the eyes are closed, the body relaxed, and the mind unconscious;

some actions and thoughts become split off and function outside of awareness;

the method of examining self- consciousness;

an altered state of consciousness by performing certain rituals and exercises;

to make or become different, to change.

Test 7

1. Say the following in the word.

to change smth. so that it is suitable for a new purpose or situation;

to hate smth. very much;

a person’s nature as shown in the way he or she usually behaves;

a person with a high level of cortical arousal who seeks out social interaction;

the way someone feels, emotional state;

a person whose interest is generally directed inward, reserved, quiet;

inability to get enough sleep;

the stimulation of the celebral cortex into a state of general wakefulness or attention;

easily hurt or offended.

2.Combine the following words into the words into the word combination.

to nurture mind to behave appetite to get into children insomnia of person receptive a fuss to satiate amiably shallow exhaustion

3. Put each of the following words into its correct place in the passage below.

motives pinpoint to adapt fit match

uniqueness clashing a caregiver encourage imitation

Parents also need to get a clear picture of their own temperament traits and (1)… areas in which conflicts with their child arise due to temperament (2)… . When there is temperament friction between a parent and a child, it is more reasonable to expect that the parent will make the first move (3)… . When a parent or (4)… understands the child’s temperament, he or she can organize the environment so that “goodness of fit” happens. There are some principles to achieve this (5)… . Parents should be aware of their child’s temperament and respect his or her (6)… without comparing him or her with others. Parents should explain decisions and (7)… , listen to the child’s points of view and (8)… teamwork on generating solutions. They should also set limits to help his child develop self-control and be a good role model because children learn by (9)… .

This (10)… between the child’s temperament and the demands and expectation of his or her environment greatly improves relationships.

Test 8

1. Read the text and choose the appropriate answer to the questions below it.

Temperament is a set inborn traits that organize the child approach to the world. They are instrumental in the development of the child’s distinct personality. These traits also determine how the child goes about learning about the world around him.

These traits appear to be relatively stable from birth. They are enduring characteristics that are actually never “good” or “bad”. When parent understand the temperament of their children, they can avoid blaming themselves for issues that are normal for their child’s temperament. When parent understand how their child responds to certain situations, they can learn to anticipate issues that might present difficulties for their child. They can prepare the child for the situation or in other cases they may avoid a potentially difficult situation all together.

Parents feel more effective as they more fully understand and appreciate their child’s unique personality.

When the demands and expectations of people and the environment are compatible with the child’s temperament there is said to be a “goodness-of-fit.” When incompatibility exists, you have what is known as a “personality conflict”.

1.What is temperament? a) It is generally identified with components of your personality that are biological in origin. b) It is a combination of your traits and life experiences. c) It is a set of traits you were born with and they appear to be stable from birth.

2.Why is it very important for parents to understand a child’s temperament? a) to see how well a child fits for a particular activity b) to help to adapt their parenting to each child’s needs c) to anticipate issues before they occur and prepare a child for the situation d) to blame themselves for issues that are not normal for their child’s temperament

3.When is it said to be “goodness of fit?” a) when parent’s temperament conflicts with his child’s temperament b) when a child’s temperament, the environment and interactions with other people around him work together c) when the demands and expectations of people and the environment are incompatible with a child’s temperament d) when all temperamental qualities of a child are sensibly managed

4. The word “anticipate” in line 10 is closest in meaning to a) expect b) hope c) foresee d) forecast

2. Put the words in the box under the following headings.

- physicaldevelopment - perceptual development - cognitive development

- psychosocial development

thinking trust to hold up the chin vision personality touch to stand holding on weight motor skills coordination intelligence emotions taste to roll over walking without help hearing language attachment social relations conflict

3. Put each of the following words into its correct place in the passage below. in contrast securely sociable angry insecurely anxious physical apathetic secure affectionate

In assessing the mother's influence on the child, Ainsworth makes a distinction between (1) … attached and (2) … infants. The securely attached infant seeks (3) … contact with the mother, yet, despite mildly protesting. Freely leaves her to play and explore, using the mother as a (4) … base. (5) … , insecurely attached infants cling to their mothers, act either (6) … or highly (7) … , when reunited with them. Mothers who are more sensitive, accepting and (9) … toward their infants have infants who are more securely attached. Infants who are securely attached are, in turn, more likely to become (10) … children.

Test 9

1. Guess the crossword puzzle. 1. _I _ _ _ _ 2. _E_ _ _ _

3. _E_ E_ _ _ _E _ _ 4. _A _ _ _A _ _ 5._ I _ _ _ 6. _ _ _ _ E _ _E _ _E 1) this type of adulthood extends from age 40 to 65 2) male or female 3) maturity of a person 4) it’s a social process, a means of communication, which reflects a marvelously complex cognitive activity 5) tall or short 6) a transitional period between childhood and adulthood

2. Read the text and choose the appropriate answer to the questions below it.

Social development continues through early, middle and late adulthood. Keeping in mind that these divisions are somewhat arbitrary, early adulthood extends from age 20 to age 40, middle adulthood extends from age 40 to age 65, and late adulthood extends from age 65 on. The similarities exhibited by people within these periods are related to the common social experiences of the “social clock”, including leaving home, finding a job, getting married, having a child, retiring from a job, and becoming a widow or a widower. In recent decades, the typical ages as which some of these events occur have varied more than in the past. A graduate students might live at home until his late twenties, a woman working toward her degree might postpone marriage until her early thirties, and a two-career couple might not have their first child until they are in their late thirties.

1. According to the test there are a) four stages of adulthood (pre-adulthood, early adulthood, middle adulthood late adulthood)

b) two stages of adulthood (pre-adulthood and adulthood)

c) three stages of adulthood (early, middle and late)

d) more than six stages (including stable periods of adulthood such as “structure building” and “structure changing”)

2. The word combination “social clock” in line 6 is the closest in meaning to

a) speedometer

b) counter

c) rotation

d) the constant flow of events

3. The author mentions the following common social experiences EXCEPT

a) leavinghome b) getting married c) divorcing d) having a child

4. The word “postpone” in line 11 could best be replaced by

a) put aside b) deny c) put off d) refuse

5. What does the author mean be “a two-career couple”?

a) a family of two where its members have more than one occupation b) a family where both husband and wife don't make any career c) a family where both husband and wife make their own careers d) a family of two where its members have less than their jobs

3. Choose the correct answer. 1. Erickson’s theory of adolescence ___ more to males than to females. a) settles b)fixes c) suits d) fits 2. This is more common on adolescents whose parents (1)___ few rules, fail to discipline them, and fail to (2)___ their behavior. 1 a) arrange b) set c) organize d) settle 2 a) observe b) watch c) supervise d) look on

3. The influence and support of parents, teachers, age-mates and other people help the young to ____ a state of personal identity. a) receive b) gain c) approach b) reach 4. A woman has no right to be thoughtless about marriage, because finally she has to ___ most part of work over the house, to take care of children, and so on. a) make b) carry on c) fulfill d) conduct

5. By the time children are in the early grades of school, much of their activity ___ within social groups. a) is situated b) takes place c) takes part d) is located

6. Those with a stronger ___ of identity perceived life changes less negatively than did those with a weaker ___ of identity. a) sensation b) feeling c) emotion d) sense

7. Parents may be ___ by the clothes their children wear, the music they listen to, the words they use. a) astonished b) shocked c) surprised d) wondered

Test 10

1. Choose the alternative to express the same idea as the word of phrase italicized.

1. Man’s capacities – the basis of human development – require maturation and the beneficial help of the environment.

a) foundationb) ground c) layer d) establishment

2. In relation to the drivers, capacities are more plastic and more strongly liable to the resonance of the environment.

a) exposed to b) responsible for c) subject to d) dependent on

3. The psychologically real norms may be divided into two basic categories, which we call minor and primary capacities.

a)subordinateb) secondary c) accessory d) auxiliary

4. In everyday descriptions and evaluations the secondary capacities play a key role.

a) decisiveb) certain c) obvious d) indisputable

5. The primary capacities have to do with the predominantly emotional sphere, and develop mainly in interpersonal relations.

a) region b) district c) domain d) province

6. The psychological significance of the actual abilities is modified throughout a person’s life history, each acquiring a specific meaning.

a) amplitudeb) capacities c) skills d) gift

7. Underlying the idea of Positive Psychotherapy is the conception that every person has two basic capacities, the capacity to know and the capacity to love (emotionality).

a) imageb) concept c) notion d) conception

8. Every person has for his use basic capacities which open up to him a broad range of possibilities.

a) at his disposal b) available c) possession of d) hold of

9. In the course of the lifetime of the individual, the basic capacities differentiate into configurations of the actual capacities, which we then observe as personal and unmistakable features.

a) attributesb) peculiarities c) properties d) signs

10. The actual capacities depend on the historical, social, and individual conditions.

a)positionsb) occurrences c) circumstances d) incidents

2. Fill in the English translation of the words in brackets.

1. The (вторичные) capacities are an expression of the capacity to know and rest upon the transmission of knowledge.

2.The primary capacities encompass categories like love, modeling, (терпение), time, contact, sexuality, (доверие), hope, (вера), doubt, certitude, and unity.

3.Rather, the expression “primary” is meant to remind us that these capacities concern the emotional (сфера), which is close to self.

4. In terms of contents, the (первичныеспособности) are oriented toward experiences which one has had with regard to the secondary capacities.

5. The actual capacities are socialization (нормы) which are developed and learned (втечение) of one’s life.

6. By reason of various (обстоятельства) many people cannot find suitable access to their capacities.

7. The basic capacities to love and to know are possessed by every human being, and (требовать) actualization and differentiation.

3. Say the following in one word.

special ability, gift;

doing things exactly at the time arranged, not late;

an area of knowledge, interest, sphere;

surroundings, especially as they affect people’s lives;

ability to create new inventions, find solutions to problems in new and unusual way;

to rouse to action, to excite;

to make a person or thing different in some way;

make too low an estimate of a person, his abilities or a thing;

smth. to start from, a base or basis;

first, the most important.

PART V АННОТИРОВАНИЕ И РЕФЕРИРОВАНИЕ ТЕКСТОВ.

1. Реферирование как учебная деятельность.

1) Аннотация и реферат.

2)Алгоритм составления реферата.

3)Особенности реферата по специальности на английском языке.

4)Значение реферативной деятельности при обучении иностранным языкам.

2. Обучение реферативному переводу (РП)

3. Примеры рефератов и аннотаций.

1) Рефераты и аннотации к текстам по различной тематике.

2) Рефераты и аннотации к текстам для студентов психолого-педагогических специальностей

I. Деятельность по реферированию имеет две основные цели: информативную и учебную. Как информативный документ реферат призван удовлетворить определенную информативную потребность, и рассчитан на какую-то группу потребителей информации. В этом случае его целью является заменить первоисточник и дать читателю возможность сберечь время при знакомстве с объектом описания. При обучении в вузе реферат выступает как некий вторичный текст, т.е. является одной из основных форм фиксирования главного содержания оригинала и рассматривается как эффективный способ контроля прочитанного.

Рефератом мы называем текст, построенный путем смысловой компрессии первоисточника с целью передачи его главного содержания. Реферат строится на основе ключевых фрагментов подлинника.

Аннотация представляет собой предельно краткое из всех возможных изложение главного содержания первичного документа, составленное в результате компрессии текста оригинала и в нескольких строчках дающее представление о его тематике автором. Средний размер аннотации в 30- 40 слов (3-4 предложения). В отличие от аннотации реферат − это самостоятельный текст со своей собственной логикой изложения. Реферат строится на основе ключевых фрагментов, выделенных из текста подлинника. Средний объем учебного реферата – от 50 до 100 слов (10-15 предложений). Если назначение реферата − знакомить читателя с содержанием оригинала и таким образом замещать его, то аннотация дает представление только о теме первоисточника и облегчает поиск необходимой информации по заданному предмету.

Таким образом, реферат и аннотация построены на основе компрессии первичного документа, но отличаются целями, способом подачи материала и количеством слов.

Различия между рефератом и аннотацией целесообразно показать на примере.

Precis	Annotation
A computer is a counting machine.	The text deals with computers
There are two kinds of computers:	Types of computers and input data are
Special-purpose and general-purpose	described
Computers. A computer can store the	Special emphasis is laid on
Information in its memory until it is	advantages of the computer.
needed. The process of inputting data
Into a computer is vis punched card re
der or punched paper tape reader from
Magnetic tape. The advantages of a
Computer are its small size and weight,
reliability, speed or operation and little power required for running it.

2. Нами разработан алгоритм составления реферата. Процесс в целом разбивается на составляющие его звенья. Установлена последовательность и приемы овладения каждым из этих действий. В частности имеются в виду следующие действия: