Heart Diseases

Heart disease describes a range of conditions that affect your heart. Coronary heart disease is a common type of heart disease. This condition results from a buildup of plaque on the inside of the arteries, which reduces blood flow to the heart and increases the risk of a heart attack and other heart complications. Other forms of heart disease include:

• irregular heartbeat (arrhythmias);

• congenital heart defects;

• weak heart muscles (cardiomyopathy);

• heart valve problems;

• heart infections;

• cardiovascular disease.

The term "heart disease" is often used interchangeably with the term "cardiovascular disease." Cardiovascular disease generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke. Other heart conditions, such as those that affect your heart's muscle, valves or rhythm, also are considered forms of heart disease.

Symptoms of heart diseases. Symptoms of heart disease vary depending on the specific condition. For example, if you have a heart arrhythmia, symptoms may include a fast or slow heartbeat; dizziness; lightheadedness; chest pains; shortness of breath. Symptoms of congenital heart defect may include skin discoloration, such as a bluish or pale color. You may also notice swelling in your legs and stomach. You might become easily tired or have shortness of breath shortly after beginning any type of physical activity. If you have weak heart muscles, physical activity may cause tiredness and shortness of breath. Dizziness and swelling in the legs, ankle, or feet are also common with cardiomyopathy. Signs and symptoms of a heart infection can include: tiredness; coughing; skin rash; irregular heartbeat; swelling in legs and stomach.

Risk Factors of Heart Disease. Several factors increase your risk of heart disease, like a family history of the disease, age, or ethnicity. Other common risk factors include:

• smoking;

• high blood pressure;

• high blood cholesterol;

• diabetes;

• poor diet;

• lack of exercise;

• obesity;

• stress;

• poor hygiene (some viral and bacterial infections can affect the heart).

Many forms of heart disease can be prevented or treated with healthy lifestyle choices.

3. Compose a summary to the text. Use the following material: summary

A summary is a condensed version of a larger reading (books, chapters, articles, research papers, etc.). To write a summary, express briefly the main idea and relevant details of the piece you have read. Your purpose in writing a summary is to give the basic ideas of the original reading, to provide a brief outline of major points. The following aspects of a primary text should be highlighted:

- Major theme or problem;

- The aim of the research;

- The key statements;

- Practical application;

- Conclusions and results.

A summary is usually structured by means of the following expressions:

І. Major theme or problem:

The present paper	describes…	Ця стаття описує…
This work	considers…	Ця робота розглядає...
This article	discusses…	У статті обговорюється...
The present article	analyzes…	У статті аналізується...
	deals with…	У статті розглядається…
	is devoted to the problems…	Стаття присвячена проблемам…
This work	gives a review of…	Ця робота становить собою огляд…
I’d like to start with a description of…		Я хотів би розпочати з опису …

ІІ. The aim of the research:

	this study is the investigation of…		дослідження – це вивчення…
The object of	investigations is the improvement of treating…	Мета	досліджень – покращення лікування…
	experiment is the investigation of…		експерименту – дослідження…
	this work is the study…		цієї роботи – вивчення…
It is important to point out that…			Важливо вказати, що…
Let me pass to the description of…			Дозвольте перейти до опису…

ІІІ. The key statements:

It has been indicated (that)…	Було зазначено, що…
It is necessary to point out (that) …	Необхідно вказати, що…
This article has shown (that)…	Ця стаття продемонструвала, що…
It has been noted (that)…	Зазначено, що…
Much attention is paid to…	Значна увага приділяється…
Special attention is paid to…	Особлива увага приділяється…
It was stressed (that)…	Підкреслено, що…
It has been determined (that)…	Установлено, що…
It should be noted (that)…	Необхідно зазначити…
The different points of view concerning … are considered.	Представлені різні погляди щодо…
Therefore, …	Таким чином, отже…
Further, …	Крім того, більш того…
Furthermore, …	До того ж, окрім того…
Thus, …	Так, отже, таким чином…
It was suggested… Basic principles of … have been formulated.	Було запропоновано… Були сформульовані загальні принципи щодо…