Завдання до тексту

1. Підберіть відповідні еквіваленти перекладу:

1) to define	A) забезпечувати
2) to guarantee	B) важливі права
3) to take part	C) гарантувати
4) government	D) визначати
5) to participate	E)місцеве самоврядування
6) important rights	F) приймати участь
7) to provide	G)управління
8) to enforce	H) союз штатів
9) union of states	I) брати участь
10) local government	J) виконувати

1. Знайдіть пояснення терміну:

1) enforcement	A) political ascendancy or control in the government of a country, state, etc
2)federal republic	B) to ensure observance of or obedience to (a law, decision, etc)
3) power	C) any member or part of a body or system; a section or subdivision
4) constitution	D) a federation of states with a republican form of government
5) democracy	E) generally refers to the "authority and influence of law in society," especially as a constraint upon behavior, including behavior of government officials.
6) the rule of law	F) a fundamental, primary, or general law or truth from which others are  Derived
7) a principle	G) the system of fundamental principles according to which a nation,  state, corporation, or the like, isgoverned.
8) propound	H) to give an outline of; sketch the main features of smth
9) outline	I) to put forward or offer for consideration, acceptance, or adoption;  set forth; propose
10) branch	J) government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme  power is vested in the peopleand exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.

3. Складіть до тексту словник фахових термінів за схемою: термін (англійською мовою), транскрипція, переклад терміну українською мовою. Обсяг словника – 25 слів.

Практичне заняття №6

Тема: Сучасна людина і комп’ютер

І. Робота над текстом за темою заняття

1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.

2. Складіть простий план тексту.

Internet Facts

The prototype for the Internet was created in the sixties by the US Defense Department. To ensure that communication could be kept open in the event of a nuclear attack, it created a computer network known as Arpanet — the Advanced Research Project Agency Network. The first attempt to connect two computers and allow them to communicate with one another was made by researchers at the University of California in Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute on 20 October 1969.The first people to coin the term 'internet' were two scientists, Vinton Cerf (known as 'father of the Internet') and his collaborator Bob Kahn, who in 1974 devised a means by which data could be transmitted across a global-network of computers.An Oxford graduate, Tim Berners-Lee, set up the first 'www server' (a Server receives and sends messages) to store the archive of the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Switzerland. The first e-mail ever sent was in 1972 between computers in two American universities. The most frequently used search word on the net is "sex", typed in 1,550,000 times every month. The most mentioned male on the Internet is President Bill Clinton, whose name is linked to 1,542,790 sites. The most mentioned female on the Internet is the actress Pamela Anderson, whose name is linked to 1,542,282 sites.

Internet in the Modern Life

The Internet has already entered our ordinary life. Everybody knows that the Internet is a global computer network, which embraces hundreds of millions of users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other.

The history of Internet began in the United States in 1969. It was a military experiment, designed to help to survive during a nuclear war, when everything around might be polluted by radiation and it would be dangerous to get out for any living being to get some information to anywhere. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest and safest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the net will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology was called packet switching.

Invention of modems, special devices allowing your computer to send the information through the telephone line, has opened doors to the Internet for millions of people.

Most of the Internet host computers are in the United States of America. It is clear that the accurate number of users can be counted fairly approximately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet today, because there are hundreds of millions of users and their number is growing.

Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. They can do it either they are at home or in the internet clubs or at work. Other popular services are available on the Internet too. It is reading news, available on some dedicated news servers, telnet, FTP servers, etc.

In many countries, the Internet could provide businessmen with a reliable, alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems its own system of communications. Commercial users can communicate cheaply over the Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for international calls around the world, when you pay a good deal of money.

But saving money is only the first step and not the last one. There is a commercial use of this network and it is drastically increasing. Now you can work through the internet, gambling and playing through the net.

However, there are some problems. The most important problem is security. When you send an e-mail, your message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of the computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. But there are many encoding programs available. Notwith-standing, these programs are not perfect and can easily be cracked.

Another big and serious problem of the net is control. Yes, there is no effective control in the Internet, because a huge amount of information circulating through the net. It is like a tremendous library and market together. In the future, the situation might change, but now we have what we have. It could be expressed in two words— an anarchist's dream.

Internet Addiction

Last week, in a private rehabilitation clinic outside Edinburgh, Leo Edwards, a sixteen-year-old schoolboy, was going through severe withdrawal symptoms. His body often shook violently and uncontrollably, and at mealtimes he regularly threw cups and plates around the dining room. The boy's addiction had nothing to do with alcohol, drugs, gambling or food. His problem was 'Net obsession'— an over-dependency on the Internet. An international group of psychologists has recently suggested that anyone who surfs the Internet for long periods is clinically ill and needs medical treatment. According to their report, Internet addicts should be treated in the same way as alcoholics, drug addicts, compulsive gamblers and people with eating disorders. Leo Edwards is not an isolated case. Russell Hopkins, aged fifteen, from Gateshead in north-east England, is a typical online addict. Every day after school, and after dinner until three or four in the morning, he will be found in his room surfing the Net or playing computer games. By the end of the day he will have spent more than six hours online. Understandably, his parents are extremely worried. Not only has his school work suffered, but Russell's addiction has also destroyed his social life and his spare-time interests. For instance, he has just dropped out of his school's basketball team in order to spend more time at his computer. Instead of spending next weekend having a good time out with friends, he'll be spending it indoors surfing the Internet. Russell has recently joined an Internet online support group. It may seem ironic that many of the support groups for Internet addicts are online but at least Russell has sought help. Not everyone does. Dr Ann Hoffman, who runs an online support group, says, "People don't realise that being online for more than four hours a day amounts to addiction and that they have a serious problem. I predict that the number of people who join online support groups will have risen dramatically within three years."

3. Складіть 5 запитань до тексту.

4. Перекажіть текст, використовуючи план.

5. Заповніть пропуски у тексті, використовуючи подані слова:

software, hardware, online memory, website, e-mail, Internet, to log on, word processing, to start up, to connect, to crash, to surf, to print

“As soon as I get home from school, I … my computer. It’s a couple of years old now so I’ve had to expand the … . First of all I log on to the … and go to Sporting Life, which is a sports news …, to find out the latest football results. Then I check my … to see if anyone has sent me any messages. If I have a homework project, I’ll … the Internet to see if there is any useful information. If I find a good text that’s quite long, I’ll … it as it’s often easier to read on paper. When my parents bought the computer, we got lots of free …, including an encyclopedia and an … package, which is very useful for writing my projects. I sometimes get bad days when the computer seems to … all the time. And some days the Internet is busy, so when you dial it doesn’t … . People say it’s because millions of users in the USA go … at that time. My mother is a bit worried that I’m going to run up huge bills on the Internet and that I’m going to become an Internet addict but I don’t think I will.”

6. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

a) Do you think that Internet addiction is possible?

b) How would you stop or prevent this kind of addiction?

7. Підготуйте невелику доповідь з теми “The advantages and disadvantages of using Internet”.

ІІ. Граматичний матеріал. Тема: Майбутній простий та майбутній доконаний часи. Теперішній доконаний тривалий час. Минулий тривалий, доконаний та доконаний тривали часи. Майбутній доконаний тривалий час. Зробіть стислий конспект в окремому зошиті з вищезгаданих тем.

Вправа 1. Open the brackets using Future Indefinite or Future Perfect.

1. We _____________ the new film tomorrow. (watch)

2. I _____________ my homework by the time you come home. (do)

3. They hope he _____________all the exams by the end of June. (pass)

4. _____you _____ here again? (come)

5. I _____________ take your words seriously next time! (not)

6. The police _______________ here before we finish. (arrive)

7. She ________________ everything when she sees me. (understand)

8. By that time the train ____________ without us. (leave)

9. All the preparations_____________ finished before the weekend. (to be)

10. 10. I am sure we ___________ to an agreement by the end of our meeting. (come)

Вправа 2. Open the brackets using Present Perfect Continuous

1. He (to try) to solve this problem for several months till now but he hasn’t found a solution yet. 2. She (to teach) at school for twenty years. 3. Mr. Smith (to work) in his room since early morning. 4. The children (to sleep) for six hours. 5. John is in his room, he (to sit) there since the morning. 6. For 2 hours now we (to talk) and we haven’t come to any conclusion yet. 7. I (to look) for it for half an hour and I can’t find it. 8. Look, your brother (to dance) with that red-haired girl since she came into the room. 9. The telephone (to ring) for five minutes, why don’t you answer.

10. He (to come) here day after day for years.

Вправа 3. Put the verb into the most suitable form, past continuous (I was doing), past perfect (I had done) or past perfect continuous (I had been doing).

1. It was very noisy next door. Our neighbors    were having    (have) a party. 2. We were good friends. We   had known   (know) each other for years. 3. John and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with him because he _____________ (walk) so fast. 4. Sue was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She ____________ (run). 5. When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full. They_______________ (eat). 6. When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths were empty, but their stomachs were full. They _________________ (eat). 7. Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He ______________ (look) for his contact lens. 8. When I arrived, Kate _________________ (wait) for me. She was annoyed with me because I was late and she _________________ (wait) for a long time. 9. I was sad when I sold my car. I _____________ (have) it for a very long time. 10. We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We _________________ (travel) for more than 24 hours

Ex. 4. Open the brackets using the Future Perfect Continuous tense.

1. They (to sit) here for 20 minutes when I come.

2. In ten minute’s time l (to hang) around here for exactly four hours

3. When they finish I (to wait) for them for 30 minutes.

4. Tomorrow it will be a month as they (to work) on this project.

5. He (work) on his book for a year soon.

6. He (to repair) his car for two weeks on Wednesday.

7. He (to study) in London for two years when I come here.

8. He (to teach) German for two years when I begin to teach English.

9. By next July she (to live) here for five years.

10. At six o’clock I (to work) for five hours.

ІІІ. Робота над текстом за професійним спрямуванням.

 Завдання до тексту:

1.   Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.

CLASSES OF EVIDENCE

Evidence can be categorized according to its potential value as proof. Certain types of evidence can be individualized, or associated with a unique source, whereas other types cannot be pinpointed but can aid in identification because they fall into particular classes.

Types of evidence that can be individualized are handwriting, typewriting, fingerprints, footprints, tire marks, impressions or casts of nonstandard items, striated markings on bullets, tool marks, objects with random fractures or tears, and substances that have undergone an alteration that makes them unique among others of the same class. Among evidence that only identifies a certain class are blood and other body fluids, narcotics, toxicological materials, fibers, soils, inks, and many kinds of materials produced in batches.

Examinations can be either "unilateral" or comparative in nature. Blood-typing and establishing the distance from which a weapon was fired are unilateral examinations, whereas studies of handwriting or spent bullets involve comparisons with other examples.

An investigation at the scene of a crime, particularly in crimes of violence, is the first phase of the laboratory function. Many jurisdictions have mobile crime laboratories, in which some of the regular laboratory tests can be performed by specially trained police personnel called evidence technicians.

2. Складіть простий план до тексту.

3. Дайте відповіді на питання:

1) Can evidence be categorized? What way?

2) What types of individualized evidence do you know?

3) What makes individualized evidence unique?

4) What evidence can only be identified as a class?

5) What kinds of examinations do you know?

6) Give an example of unilateral examination.

7) Give an example of comparative examinations.

8) What is the first phase of a laboratory function?

9) Where can regular laboratory tests be performed?

10) Who are evidence technicians?

4.Доповніть речення:

1. Certain types of evidence can be …, or associated with a …

2. Types of evidence that can be individualized are handwriting, typewriting, fingerprints, …, tire marks, impressions or casts of nonstandard items, … on bullets, tool marks, objects with random fractures or tears, and … that have undergone an alteration that makes them unique among others of the same class.

Практичне заняття №7-8

Тема: Реклама і суспільство

І. Робота над текстом за темою заняття.

1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст. Випишіть підкреслені слова, перекладіть та вивчіть їх.

Advertisement

Although the average citizen is usually annoyed by all the advertisements printed in newspapers and magazines and the commercials broadcast on TV, the impact of the whole advertising industry on a single person is immense and plays a very important role in our lives. Advertising absorbs vast sums of money but it is useful to the community. What are the functions of advertisements? The first one to mention is to inform. A lot of the information people have about household devices, cars, building materials, electronic equipment, cosmetics, detergents and food is largely derived from the advertisements they read. Advertisements introduce them to new products or remind them of the existing ones. The second function is to sell. The products are shown from the best point of view and the potential buyer, on having entered the store, unconsciously chooses the advertised products. One buys this washing powder or this chewing gum, because the colorful TV commercials convince him of the best qualities of the product. Even cigarettes or sweets or alcohol are associated with the good values of human life such as joy, freedom, love and happiness, and just those associations make a person choose the advertised products. The aim of a good advertisement is to create a consumer demand to buy the advertised product or service. Children are good example as they usually want the particular kind of chocolate or toy or chewing-gum. Being naive they cannot evaluate objectively what is truthful and what is exaggerated and select the really good products unless they buy the goods and check for themselves. Thirdly, since the majority of advertisements are printed in our press we pay less for newspapers and magazines, also TV in most countries is cheap. The public advertising seen on street hoardings, railway stations and buildings makes people's life more joyful. Moreover, all those small ads in the press (called classifieds) concerning "employment", "education" and "For sale and wanted" columns, help ordinary people to find a better job or a better employee, to sell or to buy their second-hand things and find services, or learn about educational facilities, social events such as, concerts, theatre plays, football matches, and to announce births, marriages and deaths. Thus despite our dissatisfaction when being bombarded by all the advertisers' information we must admit that they do perform a useful service to society, and advertisements are an essential part of our everyday life.

2. Підготуйте невелику доповідь з теми “The way advertising affects my life”.

3. Спроектуйте рекламний постер продукції автомобільної промисловості.

4. Чи є різниця між словами “advertisement” та “advertising”?

ІІ. Граматичний матеріал. Тема: Займенники. Сполучники. Пасивний стан дієслова. Узгодження часів. Неособові форми дієслова: інфінітив, герундій. Зробіть стислий конспект в окремому зошиті з вищезгаданих тем.

Вправа 1. Put in much/many/few/little (one word only).

1. She isn't very popular. She has    few    friends. 2. Ann is very busy these days. She has _______ free time. 3. Did you take _______ photographs when you were on holiday? 4. I'm not very busy today. I haven't got _______ to do. 5. This is a very modern city. There are _______ old buildings. 6. The weather has been very dry recently. We've had _______ rain. 7. 'Do you know Rome?'    "No. I haven't been there for _______ years.'

8. I use the phone _____ at work.        9. There wasn't ____ traffic this morning.        10. You need _____money to travel round the world

Вправа 2. Fill in the blanks with these words: although, and, because, but, or, since, so, unless, until, when.

1. Things were different _____ I was young.

2. I do it _____ I like it.

3. Let us wait here _____ the rain stops.

4. You cannot be a lawyer  _____ you have a law degree.

5. That was years _____ years ago.

6. She has not called _____ she left last week.

7. I saw him leaving an hour _____ two ago.

8. This is an expensive _____ very useful book.

9. We were getting tired _____ we stopped for a rest.

10. He was angry _____ he heard when happened.

Вправа3. Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using somebody, they, people etc., write a passive sentence.

1. Somebody cleans the room every day.    The room is cleaned every day.     2. They cancelled all flights because of fog. All ___________________________ 3. People don't use this road much.  ______________________________ 4. Somebody accused me of stealing money.   I ___________________________ 5. How do people learn languages?    How ______________________________ 6. Somebody warned us not to go out alone. ______________________________

7. Jean told me that the book was worth reading. __________________________

8. Scientists tell the Earth goes round the Sun. _____________________________

9. William Turner, English artist, painted this picture. _______________________

10. Somebody searches for news every minute. ___________________________

ІІ. Граматичний матеріал. Тема: узгодження часів. Неособові форми дієслова: інфінітив, герундій.

Вправа 4. Open the brackets using The Sequence of Tenses.

1. He said he (to leave) tomorrow morning.

2. She says she already (to find) this book.

3. He stopped and listened: the clock (to strike) five.

4. She said she (can) not tell me the right time, her watch (to be) wrong.

5. I asked my neighbor if he ever (to travel) by air before.

6. The policeman asked George where he (to run) so early.

7. They were told that the guide just (to go) out and (to be) back in ten minutes. 8. I knew they (to wait) for me at the metro station and I decided to hurry.

9. I didn’t know that you already (to wind) up the clock.

10. I was afraid that the little girl (not to be) able to unlock the front door and (to go) upstairs to help her.

Вправа 5. Infinitive or Gerund? Put the verb in brackets in the right form, infinitive or -ing. Sometimes both are possible.

1. I want _______ (see) a film on TV this evening.

2. I hope _______ (hear) from you soon. Best wishes, Peter.

3. When did you finish _______ (paint) the kitchen?

4. I began _________ (learn) English when I was seven.

5. Some people like ____________ (have) breakfast in bed, but I don't.

6. Don't forget _______________ (post) my letter!

7. We've decided ____________ (get) married in the spring.

8. When she saw how I was dressed, she started ___________ (laugh).

9. What do you want ________ (do) tonight?

10. I'd like ________________ (go) to the theatre.