Переклад

Залежно від типу роботи , умов праці -- оплата серед членів юридичної професії сильно розрізняється. Для деяких людей , образ адвоката це той , хто веде дуже багате і комфортне життя . Проте , не слід забувати , що є й юристи , чиє життя не таке вже і безпечне .

Адвокати з Уолл_Стріт, ймовірно, отримують високу зарплату, але невеликій фірмі, котра дає поради представникам громадськості про права добробуту чи з імміграційних процедур, може знадобитися обмежити зарплати, щоб залишитися в бізнесі. Юристи в країнах, чий бізнес з платними клієнтами субсидує роботу, погодяться попрацювати за малу платню або безкоштовно з групами прав громадян.

Юристів, що займаються правами людини, можливо, навіть вважають свою професію небезпечною. Дослідження «Міжнароднюї амністії» показують, що в 1990 році було вбито понад 60 адвокатів, котрі вели справи проти осіб, звинувачених у політичних злочинах. У тих країнах , де уряд гарантує , що всі люди мають доступ до адвоката в разі надзвичайної ситуації ; є фірми , які спеціалізуються в справах з людьми , які не в змозі оплатити юридичні послуги зі своєї власної кишені. Наприклад , в Англії той, хто стикається з кримінальним переслідуванням , має право вибрати фірму з адвокатами , щоб ті захищали його інтереси.

2. В першому абзаці зі словами, які виделці курсивом, складіть речення.

1. "We made an agreement based on three conditions," he said.

2. Opinions vary widely; no one really knows.

3. Mostly I'm a divorce lawyer," he answered

4. There were leads, but few.

5. She had forgotten about him.

6. This house is as secure as the White House

2. У другому абзаці випишіть словосполучення, перекладіть їх та вивчіть.

Переклад у вас є

2. У третьому абзаці оберіть вірну відповідь та поясніть виділені граматичні явища..

Виправила у тексті (англ. варіант) див вище.

2. Складіть 10 різних типів запитань до тексту.

1. Don`t all members of the legal profession work in good conditions?

2. Do all lawyers earn much?

3. What does the small firm do?

4. How are lawyers in developing countries work?

5. Whose work is dangerous and why?

6. How much lawyers were murdered in 1990?

7. In countries where the government ensures that all people have access to a lawyer in an emergency, don’t they?

8. Do all people or just one person have to pay for legal services?

9. Who are fee-paying clients?

10. Which city was named in the text?

2. Складіть план тексту.

ПЛАН

1. WHO IS A lawyer?

2. The Wall Street attorneys.

3. Threat life of the advocate.

2. Складіть анотацію.

The head-line of the article I have read is « Range of legal work ». The author of the article is Susanna Wilder. It was published in the Law Practice Magazine, the first of March in 2007. The purpose of the article is to give the reader some information on advantages and disadvantages of the profession lawyer.The author starts by telling the readers about lawyers which probably have good salary but their lives are not so secure. Further the author says about the Wall Street attorneys and their work. In conclusion SUSSANA told to everyone that there some countries which government ensures that all people have access to a lawyer in an emergency in the world. I found the article interesting of no value because I didn’t get some new information and I will not use it my future scientific research. -

Практичне заняття №2

Тема: Партнерство. Співробітництво

І. Робота над текстом за темою заняття.

1. Вивчіть слова.

Partnership –партнерство

Arrangement - домовленість

Entities- юридичні особи

Individuals – фізичні особи

To advance their interests- діяти у своїх власних інтересах

To share profits and losses – розділяти прибуткита збитки

Non-profit organizations – неприбуткові організації

Mutual goals – сумісні цілі

Domicile - проживати

2. Прочитайте та перекладіть діалог. Вивчіть та розкажіть його за ролями.

Partnership

A partnership is an arrangement where entities and/or individuals agree to cooperate to advance their interests. In the most frequent instance, a partnership is formed between one or more businesses in which partners (owners) co-labor to achieve and share profits or losses.

Partnerships are also frequent regardless of and among sectors. Non-profit organizations, for example, may partner together to increase the likelihood of each achieving their mission. Governments may partner with other governments to achieve their mutual goals, as may religious and political organizations. In education, accrediting agencies increasingly evaluate schools by the level and quality of their partnerships with other schools and across sectors. Partnerships also occur at personal levels, such as when two or more individuals agree to domicile together. Partnerships between governments, interest-based organizations, schools, businesses, and individuals, or some combination thereof, have always been and remain commonplace.

Among developed countries, business partnerships are often favored over corporations in taxation policy, since dividend taxes only occur on profits before they are distributed to the partners. However, depending on the partnership structure and the jurisdiction in which it operates, owners of a partnership may be exposed to greater personal liability than they would as shareholders of a corporation.

Cooperation

Cooperation is the process of working or acting together, which can be accomplished by both intentional and non-intentional agents. In its simplest form it involves things working in harmony, side by side, while in its more complicated forms, it can involve something as complex as the inner workings of a human being or even the social patterns of a nation. It is the alternative to working separately in competition. Cooperation can also be accomplished by computers, which can handle shared resources simultaneously, while sharing processor time.

2. Знайдіть англійські еквіваленти наступних слів та виразі у текстів.

Процес взаємодії, навмисний, найпростіша форма, більш складні форми, конкуренція, одночасно, залежачи від чогось, структура партнерства, діяти, власники, особиста відповідальність, акціонери корпорації.

3. Завершіть речення.

1. Cooperation is the process of working or­­­­­­­­­­­­­­___________

2. Apartnership is an arrangement where entities and/or individuals agree to cooperate ________

3. А partnership is formed between one or more ____________

4. Governments may partner with other governments to ____________

5. Partnerships also occur at personal levels, such as when two or more individuals agree to ____

ІІ. Граматичний матеріал.Тема: Повторення: Прислівники. Прикметники. Ступенні порівняння. Числівнки. Зробіть стислий конспект в окремому зошиті з вищезгаданих тем.

Ex. 1.Choose the right answer. 1. Two people were      seriously    injured in the accident.  (serious / seriously) 2. The driver of the car had      serious    injuries.  (serious / seriously) 3. I think you behaved very ____________. (selfish / selfishly) 4. Rose is ____________ upset about losing her job.  (terrible / terribly) 5. There was a ____________ change in the weather.  (sudden / suddenly) 6. Everybody at the party was ____________ dressed.  (colourful / colourfully) 7. Linda likes wearing ____________ clothes.  (colourful / colourfully) 8. Liz fell and hurt herself quite ____________.  (bad / badly) 9. Joe says he didn't do well at school because he was ____________ taught.  (bad / badly) 10. Don't go up that ladder. It doesn't look ____________.  (safe / safely)

Ex. 2. Complete the given sentences using the proper comparison form (older/more important etc.).

1. It's too noisy here. Can we go somewhere _quieter?_

2. This coffee is very weak. I like it a bit ---.

3. The hotel was surprisingly big. I expected it to be ---.

4. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be ---.

5. The weather is too cold in this country. I'd like to live somewhere ---.

6. My job is a bit boring sometimes. I'd like to do something ---.

7. 1 was surprised how easy it was to use the computer. I thought it would be ---.

8. Your work isn't very good. I'm sure you can do ---.

9. Don't worry. The situation isn't so bad. It could be ---.

10. 1 was surprised we got here so quickly. I expected the journey to take ---.

Ex. 3.Insert the numeral (quantitative or ordinal).

1. There are ________ months in a year.

2. January is ________ month of the year.

3. May is ________ month of the year.

4. There are ________ months in winter.

5. December is ________ month of the year and ________ month of winter.

6. There are ________ days in a week: ________ one is Monday, ________ one is Tuesday, ________one is Wednesday, ________ one is Thursday, ________ one is Friday, ________ one is Saturday and ________ one is Sunday.

7. Sunday is ________ day of the week in England and ________ one in Russia.

8. Monday is ________ day in Russia and ________ in Great Britain.

9. There are ________ hours in a day, ________ minutes in an hour and ________ seconds in a minute.

10. September, April, June and November have ________ days. All the rest have ________ except February.

ІІІ. Робота над текстом за професійним спрямуванням.

1. Прочитайте текст та перекладіть текст.

From Law Practice Magazine

16.08.2002

English courts

By Priscilla Hedwig

In a Crown Court trial there are twelve jurors. These are ordinary members of the public between the ages of 18 and 70 who are selected at random. They are not paid but are given expenses while they are on jury service, which is usually for about two weeks.

Service is compulsory, and it cannot normally be avoidedwithout a good reason, such as illness. It is not necessary for a juror to know anything about the law – indeed certain people connected with the world of law, such as solicitors, are not allowed to serve as jurors. This is because the job of the jury is to listen to the caseand to decide questions of fact. It is the judge's responsibility to guide them on questions of law.

This contrast between law and fact is 1) (very important, most important). If a man 2) (is, be) on trial for murder, for example, the judge will 3) (explain, be explained) just what the crime of murder 4) (mean, means) in English law and the prosecution has to prove. He will explain how the trial will be conducted, summarise the evidence, and tell the jurors what factors they should 5) (considers, consider) in making their decision. These are questions of law. However, whether the defendant did in fact commit murder or not is a question of fact to be decided by the jurors themselves. It is necessary for at least ten 6) (from, of) the twelve to agree.

2. В першому абзаці зі словами, які виделці курсивом, складіть речення.

3. У другому абзаці випишіть словосполучення, перекладіть їх та вивчіть.

4. У третьому абзаці оберіть правильну відповідь та поясніть виділені граматичні явища.

5. Складіть 10 різних типів запитань до тексту.

6. Складіть план тексту.

7. Складіть анотацію.

Практичне заняття №3-4

Тема: Планування діяльності підприємства. Планування власного бізнесу

І. Робота над текстом за темою заняття.

1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст

Business

A business (also known as a company, enterprise, and firm) is a legally recognized organization designed to provide goods or services, or both, to consumers, businesses and governmental entities. Businesses are predominant in capitalisteconomies. Most businesses are privately owned. A business is typically formed to earn profit that will increase the wealth of its owners and grow the business itself. The owners and operators of a business have as one of their main objectives the receipt or generation of a financial return in exchange for work and acceptance of risk. Notable exceptions include cooperative enterprises and state-owned enterprises. Businesses can also be formed not-for-profit or be state-owned.

Basic forms of ownership

Although forms of business ownership vary by jurisdiction, there are several common forms:

• Sole proprietorship: A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person. The owner may operate on his or her own or may employ others. The owner of the business has personal liability of the debts incurred by the business.

• Partnership: is a form of business in which two or more people operate for the common goal which is often making profit. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has personal liability of the debts incurred by the business. There are three typical classifications of partnerships: general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships.

• Corporation: is either a limited liability or unlimited liability entity that has a separate [legal personality] from its members. A corporation can be organized for-profit or not-for-profit. A corporation is owned by multiple shareholders and is overseen by a board of directors, which hires the business's managerial staff. In addition to privately owned corporate models, there are state-owned corporate models.

• Cooperative: Often referred to as a "co-op", a cooperative is a limited liability entity that can organize for-profit or not-for-profit. A cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members, as opposed to shareholders, who share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives. Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy.

BUSINESS PLAN

The business plan is a tool designed to help you find and explore opportunities. It also provides you with a way to analyze potential opportunities continuously. A business plan is personal and should never be "canned" or prepared professionally by others. No one knows you or your ideas better than you do. It is the process of seeking the answers to important questions about your enterprise that are important as you try to realize the dream of owning your own business.

Use the following questions to make decision about a business idea of your choice. Be sure to write out your answers...to remember your decisions and build on them.

1. How can you describe the business...in only one paragraph please?

2. What is your product, or service?

3. Who will buy it?

4. Where should you locate the business?

5. How can you attract customers?

6. What is your competition?

7. How much should you charge for the products or service?

8. What advice do you need and who can provide it?

9. How will you organize the managers and/or workers of the business?

10. How will you split the profits? Who is responsible for the losses?

11. What should you consider to be able to produce the product and get it to the customer?

12. How much money is needed to get the business started?

13. How many customers will you have per month and how much will they buy per month?

14. How much does it cost to make the product or provide the service?

15. What are your operating costs? (Include your own salary)

16. How much money will your business earn each month by selling your product or service?

17. How much investment will you need to keep the business going until you make a profit?

18. What is your potential profit per year for Year I, Year II, and Year III?

19. How much money do you need to borrow to start this business?

20. How will you make the business grow in the future?

2. Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання із тексту, обравши який саме бізнес Ви хотіли б розпочати.

3. Складіть розповідь про свій майбутній бізнес, використовуючи відповіді на запитання із тексту.

ІІ. Граматичний матеріал. Тема: Повторення: Види питань. Займенники. Теперішній та минулий прості часи. Теперішній та минулий подовжений часи. Майбутній час. Зробіть стислий конспект в окремому зошиті з вищезгаданих тем.

Ex. 1.Read and define the type of the interrogative sentences.

1. Is he a pupil?

2. What do you do every day?

3. Who knows his address?

4. There is a mistake, isn’t it?

5. Are you tired or sick?

6. Whose father is a doctor?

7. Do you like chess?

8. Tom does not go to school, does he?

9. Is she seven or eight?

10. When did you begin to learn English?

Ex. 2. Complete the sentences using given pronouns (myself/yourself/ourselves or me/you/us і т.д.) 

1. Julia had a great holiday. She enjoyed    herself   .    2. It's not my fault. You can't blame _________. 3. What I did was really bad. I'm ashamed of _________. 4. We've got a problem. I hope you can help _________. 5. 'Can I take another biscuit?'    'Of course.Help _________!' 6. You must meet Sarah. I'll introduce _________ to her. 7. Don't worry about us. We can look after _________. 8. I gave them a key to our house so that they could let _________ in. 9. I didn't want anybody to see the letters, so I burned _________.  10. Am so glad to meet you! Let me introduce _____________.

Ex. 3. Open the brackets putting the verb into the correct form.

1. Julie  doesn’t drink  (not /drink) tea very often. 2. What time ____________ (the banks /close) here? 3. I've got a computer, but I ____________ (not /use) it much. 4. 'Where ____________ (Martin /come) from?'   'He's Scottish.' 5. 'What ____________ (you /do)?'   'I'm an electrician.' 6. It _______ (take) me an hour to get to work. How long _______ (it / take) you? 7. Look at this sentence. What ____________ (this word / mean)? 8. David isn't very fit. He ____________ (not / do) any sport. 9. The earth ____________ (to go) round the sun. 10. Rice _______________ (not/grow) in Britain.

Ex. 4.Define whether the underlined words are used carefully. Correct the mistakes.

1. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.	OK
2. The water boils. Can you turn it off?	is boiling
3. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car.
4. Can you hear those people? What do they talk about?
5. The moon goes round the earth in about 27 days.
6. I must go now. It gets late.
7.  I usually go to work by car.
8. "Hurry up! It's time to leave.' 'OK, I come.'
9. I hear you've got a new job. How do you get on?
10. Paul is never late. He's always getting to work on time

Ex. 5.Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the proper tense form (affirmative or interrogative)

1. It was warm, so I  took  off my coat.  (take) 2. The film wasn't very good. I  didn't enjoy  it very much.  (enjoy) 3. I knew Sarah was very busy, so I ____________ her.  (disturb) 4. I was very tired, so I ____________ the party early.  (leave) 5. The bed was very uncomfortable. I ____________ very well.  (sleep) 6. The window was open and a bird ____________ into the room.  (fly) 7. The hotel wasn't very expensive. It ____________ very much.  (cost) 8. I was in a hurry, so I ____________ time to phone you.  (have) 9. It was hard carrying the bags. They ____________ very heavy.  (be)

10. 'How did you learn to drive?'    'My father _______________ me.' (teach)

Ex. 7. Use the verb in the right form Past Indefinite or Past Continuous.

1. Jenny  was waiting  (wait) for me when I  arrived  (arrive). 2.  'What _______________ (you / do) at this time yesterday?'   'I was asleep.' 3.  '_______________ (you / go) out last night?'   'No, I was too tired.' 4. How fast ______ (you / drive) when the accident _________ (happen)? 5. Sam _________ (take) a photograph of me while I _____ (not / look). 6. We were in a very difficult position. We ______ (not / know) what to do. 7. I haven't seen Alan for ages. When I last ________ (see) him, he _____ (try) to find a job. 8. I _________ (walk) along the street when suddenly I ____ (hear) footsteps behind me. Somebody _____(follow) me. I was scared and I __________(start) to run. 9.  When I was young, I _________ (want) to be a pilot. 10.  Last night I _________ (drop) a plate when I _______ (do) the washing up. Fortunately it ________ (not / break).

Ex. 8.Choose the right variant.

1. 'Did you phone Lucy?'    'Oh no, I forgot. I phone / I'll phone her now.' (I'll phone is correct) 2. I can't meet you tomorrow. I'm playing / I'll play tennis. 3. I meet / I'll meet you outside the hotel in half an hour, OK?'    'Yes, that's fine.' 4. I need some money.'    'OK. I'm lending / I'll lend you some. How much do you need?' 5. I'm having / I'll have a party next Saturday. I hope you can come. 6. 'Remember to get a newspaper when you go out.'    'OK. I don't forget /I won't forget. 7. 'What time does your train leave / will your train leave tomorrow? 8. I asked Sue what happened, but she doesn't tell / won't tell me. 9. 'Are you doing / Will you do anything tomorrow evening?'  'No, I'm free. Why?' 10. I don't want to go out alone. Do you come / Will you come with me?

ІІІ. Робота над текстом за професійним спрямуванням.

До практичного заняття №3

 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.

From The American Lawyer

07.12.2007

Professional Titles

By Michael Bitt

Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are referred to as lawyers, the word really describes a person who has become officially qualified to act in certain legal matters because of examinations he has taken and professionalexperience he has gained.

Most countries have different groups of lawyerswho each take a particular kind of examinationin order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.

In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers 1) (have specialised, specialise) in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the 2) (higher, highest) courts. They 3) (are not paid, do not pay) directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, and once appointed they cannot 4) (to continue, continue) to practice as barristers. Solicitors do much of the initial preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as handling legal work which does not 5) (comes, come) before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is 6) (settled, settling) out of court.

2. В першому абзаці зі словами, які виделці курсивом, складіть речення.

3. У другому абзаці випишіть словосполучення, перекладіть їх та вивчіть.

4. У третьому абзаці оберіть правильну відповідь та поясніть виділені граматичні явища.

5. Складіть 10 різних типів запитань до тексту.

6. Складіть план тексту.

7. Складіть анотацію.

До практичного заняття№4

1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.

From the Law Practice Magazine

11.09.2007

Unjust Laws

By Terry Gibbons

Laws can be either just or unjust. Just laws protect human rihts, and disobeying such laws for personal gain or of personal disagreementis wrong because it may harm seurity of other members of a community. The Greek philosopher Socrates claims that someone who breaks the law is “a destroyer of the laws”. Since laws are pillars of society, breaking those laws damages society. But some people believe that certain laws are unjust and should no longer exist.

Unjust laws are laws that compel some people to obey while not requiring others to do the same. These laws are often used by one group to mistreat other group. Some people think that unjust laws should not be obeyed. While it is better to prevent unjust laws from being made, there are many methods by which people can act to protest them after they have been enacted. One of these methods is civil disobedience, the deliberate and public violation of an unjust law as a means of change.

During the 1960-70s there 1) (has been, were) a civil rights movement, an anti-war movement and other several movements in which 2) (people, peoples) claimed that obeying the laws was harmful because the law 3) (itself, himself) was wrong. In the United States the famous leader of civil rights movement was Martin Luther King, who promoted non-violent methods 4) (from, of) racial equality. He organized marches for black’s right to vote, fair hiring, desegregation and other rights. He was 5) (arresting, arrested) and in his famous “Letter from the Birmingham Jail” he called on all Americans to actively but peacefully oppose laws that were 6) (moral, morally) wrong. Most of the demands were later enacted into the US law. In 1964 King won the Nobel Peace Prize, in 1968 he was assassinated.

2. В першому абзаці зі словами, які виделці курсивом, складіть речення.

3. У другому абзаці випишіть словосполучення, перекладіть їх та вивчіть.

4. У третьому абзаці оберіть вірну відповідь та поясніть виділені граматичні явища.

5. Складіть 10 різних типів запитань до тексту.

6. Складіть план тексту.

7. Складіть анотацію.

Змістовий модуль №10. „Вирішення питань професійного та академічного характеру”

Практичне заняття №5

Тема: Стан та перспективи розвитку галузі

І. Робота над текстом за темою заняття.

1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.

FUTURE OF LEGAL SERVICES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

The legal profession has for long been notoriously averse to change, but now even the legal industry is affected by a new harsher reality with widespread changes impacting legal practice and client service. These changes come not merely from the aftermath of the economic downturn with price pressure and increased demands from clients, but also from the technological developments and regulatory changes that provide breeding ground for new kinds of competition. This post discusses the future of legal service, with a specific focus on how the current changes on the legal market demand a more strategic approach to knowledge management and efficient working processes and how technology is becoming more and more important as a way to develop new innovative ways to deliver legal services.

For a long time, the legal market has been spared from some of the general business realities applicable to almost all other industries. Law has been something of a protected industry, with lawyers in a unique position as the only legitimate provider with access to legal knowledge and tools and no real competition – a “black box” exempt from normal rules of business, such as predictability in cost and time, budget restraints and value for money. After selection, the relationship with the client was controlled by the law firm, which decided almost entirely by itself how the service was to be delivered, billing it by the hour and dictating cost, pricing, staffing and strategic direction, with no need to innovate or provide cost-efficient legal services. Jordan Furlong has described this closed market more in detail and how the legal marketplace now is changing, in the series “The evolution of the legal services market stage 1-5”But now, there are strong drivers for change affecting the legal market and rapidly forcing it out of the “black box” towards a new reality. One such driver is the regulatory changes in UK, with the Legal Services Act allowing different types of lawyer and non-lawyer to form businesses together, thereby facilitating the development of Alternative Business Structures, with external investments, in legal service providers. These regulatory changes have opened up the legal market for a new kind of competition from new entrants with disruptive business models. Unlike conventional law firms, these new providers tend to have a greater focus on rethinking legal services. They have developed both different kinds of legal services and new ways of providing them. They use technologyto improve the way they connect to clients, offering new and easier ways to conduct legal tasks over the Internet, providing cloud-based customized legal documents and advice with arguments like “No surprise pricing. No hourly fees, no shocking bills.” This is a market that has gained a large interest from venture capitalists, for example by Google Venture in Rocket Lawyer (which recently also acquired competitor Law Pivot), Kleiner Perkins and Institutional Venture Partners in LegalZoom and Quotidian Ventures and others in Docracy. All this clearly indicates that there is a large market opportunity for these kinds of new legal solutions that are efficient, technology-driven and affordable to users. Other interesting new legal service or knowledge providers are  VentureDocs, Docstoc and the Swedish Moretime Growth On Demand. Soon, we will probably also see global legal service providers outside the legal sphere, such as department stores or investment banks, accounting firms, insurance companies, or even Amazon.

Law firms also face a new kind of competition from Legal Process Outsourcing providers (LPOs), where legal work is exported to an outside law firm or legal support services company, often in low-wage markets overseas such as India, but also to new providers within the same country or to new brands established by the law firm itself, such as Herbert Smith’s document review centre in Belfast. The most commonly offered services are document review and legal research, but recently LPOs have started to move up the value chain by providing not only due diligence services but also the agreement drafting in M&A transactions. As reported in “LPOs Stealing Deal Work from Law Firms”  alternative legal service providers are beginning to take the bread-and-butter of large law firms – handling whole mergers and acquisitions, not just the due diligence aspects of deals. Beyond cost savings, LPO has advantages like access to outside talent, 24-7 availability, and the ability to quickly scale up or cut back operations. According to the international LPO Market Study, general counsel are increasingly bypassing law firms and instructing legal process outsourcing suppliers directly. Currently worth over $1bn (£629m), the LPO market is forecast to double in size in the next two to three years.A third major driver for change is the new client demands. Due to budget restraints, most general counsel face what Professor Richard Susskind refers to as the “more for less-challenge”, when clients have more legal issues to handle, but less in-house resources and less budget to spend on external advisers. This challenge has forced general counsel to examine alternative solutions, demand discounts and alternative fee arrangements, ask for predictability and metrics–all demands for added value and efficiency. When law firms are no longer the only providers in the legal market, clients have a diverse set of options to choose from for legal advice and they no longer accept hourly billing for inefficient work. General counsel are more closely reviewing external advisers and are very cost driven. More and more they turn to cost-effective solutions, like LPOs, or deploy the idea of “multi-sourcing” with the use of different legal service providers on different elements of a legal matter. Basically, the client has taken over the driver’s seat from law firms and is now dictating cost, pricing, staffing and strategic direction, which previously was in the law firm’s control. Together, these two factors — a decline in overall legal spending and new options for legal services — combine to reduce demand for the services of lawyers.

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Вправа 1. Open the brackets using Future Simple orFuture Continuous.

1. You __________ (to work) all tomorrow morning?

2. He ______________ (to see) them tomorrow.He (to tell) them what you said.

3. I ___________ (to visit) her office next day.I ___________ (to ask) her then.

4. My son __________________ (to stay) with my parents for the holidays.

5. You ___________________ (to stay) here all weekend?

6. Don't disturb him, at the moment he ______________ (to have) break­fast.

7. I ___________ (to see) the manager at the meeting next week. And he _________(to give) me all the information he knows. 8. Next year he _____________(to come) to Paris.

9. You ______________(to come) to our party? - No, I ____________(to work) on my report. 10. Don't leave your child alone! He ________________(to cry).

Вправа 2. Complete the given sentences with can/can't, must/mustn't, needn't, have to:

1. A:    Is Jason at work today?    B:    He ...can't... be. His car isn't in the car park. 2. A:    I can't do my German homework. It's too difficult.    B:    I'll help you. I............speak German. 3. A:    I'm going to watch television.    B:    Alright, but you .............stay up too late. 4. A:    We............book a taxi to take us to the airport.    B:    I'll do it now. 5. A:    I didn't know Rachel was in the choir.    B:    Oh yes. She..............sing beautifully. 6. A:    Shall I cook dinner tonight?    B:    No, you.............We're going to a restaurant. 7. A:    Has Tim bought a car yet?    B:    He............have. I saw him on the bus yesterday. 8. A:    She..........be very rich.    B:    Yes. She's got a huge house and an expensive car. 9. A:    I did the washing-up for you.    B:    Oh, you.............have, but it was kind of you. 10. A:    Would you like to come to my party on Saturday night?     B:    I'd like to, but Mum says I .............visit my grandparents.

Вправа 3. Read the situations and write sentences. Use the following verbs:arrive       break        fall       go up       grow        improve       lose  leave

1. Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it.	He has lost his key.
2. Margaret can't walk and her leg is in plaster.	She
3. Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90.	The bus fare
4. Maria's English wasn't very good. Now it is better.	Her English
5. Dan didn't have a beard before. Now he has a beard.	He
6. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it.	The letter
7. The temperature was 20 degrees. Now it is only 12.	The
8. What time is David leaving?	He __________ already.
9. Is Sue coming to the cinema with us?	No, she _______ already _______ this film.
10. Do you know where Julia is?	Yes, I _______ just ______ her.

Вправа 4. Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets.

1. You went to Sue's house, but she wasn't there.       (she / go / out)      She had gone out.      2. You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn't the same as before.       (it / change /a lot) ________________________ 3. I invited Rachel to the party, but she couldn't come.       (she/ arrange / to do something else) ________________________ 4. You went to the cinema last night. You got to the cinema late.      (the film / already / begin) ________________________ 5. It was nice to see Dan again after such a long time.      (I / not / see / him for five years) ________________________ 6. I offered Sue something to eat, but she wasn't hungry.      (she / just / have / breakfast) ________________________

7. The man sitting next to you on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight.        (he/ never/ flown/had/ before) _____________________________                   8. A woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me.      (I/never/seen/her/had /before) ______________________________ 9. Sam played tennis yesterday. He wasn't very good at it; it was his first game.      (Sam/never/had/before/played)_________________________________ 10. Last year we went to Denmark. It was our first time there.      (had/we/been/never/there/before)_________________________________

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US CONSTITUTIONS

The Constitution defines the fundamental law of the United States federal government, setting forth the three principal branches of the federal government, outlining their jurisdictions, and propounding the basic rights of U.S. citizens. It has become the landmark legal document of the Western world, and is the oldest written national constitution currently in effect. The essential principle of the document is that government must be confined to the rule of law.

The Constitution of the USA guarantees the right of each individual over age 18 to take part in government. The government cannot take this right away. For their part, citizens in a democracy have the responsibility to participate in government.

Through the years, the Constitution has remained the basis of American government. It states the important rights in which Americans believe. All law in the United States is based on the Constitution. In addition, the Constitution describes how the national government is organized. It provides ways to make, change, and enforce the laws of the United States.

The national government only has certain powers. The Constitution gives all powers to the states and the people. This makes the United States a federal republic, or union of states. The federal government decides matters that affect all the states or the people as a whole. Individual states are responsible for local government. For example, each state controls its own schools, highways, and law enforcement.