Participle I

I. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the function of the participle.

1. Legislatures have the power to pass laws affecting many aspects of everyday life.

2. Federal courts hear cases involving federal law.

3. In an appeals court one party presents arguments asking the court to change the decision of the trial court.

4. The other party presents arguments supporting the decision of the trial court.

5. Traffic courts hear all actions involving violations while driving a motor vehicle.

6. Depending on their training and experience legal secretaries may even be called upon to do legal research.

7. In some areas the crime is declining.

8. The principle of «parens patriae» in a juvenile court means that instead of lawyers fighting to decide guilt or innocence, the court would act as parent or guardian in protecting and helping the child.

Participle II

I. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the function of the participle.

1. Of more than four thousand cases appealed to the Supreme Court each year, the justices rule on about two hundred.

2. You can develop some of the skills required in high school by taking such courses as business law, legal office procedures and business communication.

3. Although not required, the specialized skills learned in training programs can lead to better, higher paying jobs.

4. A jury is not required in every case.

5. Women are sometimes rejected when they apply for a job because of their sex.

6. Many laws have been changed by the Supreme Court.

7. Attorneys can have prospective jurors removed without stating a cause.

8. The lawyer will keep you informed of any new development in you case.

9. Person commonly excused from jury duty include clergy, attorneys, police officers, fire fighters and some others.

10. An example of criminal conspiracy is the situation in which Danny wants his wife, Jean, killed and asks Wally to commit the murder.

11. Accused people are entitled to have a jury trial.

12. Taken together, they make up the overall right to a fair trial.

13. If convicted children would be separated from adult criminals.

Modal verbs and their equivalents

I. Make the following sentences interrogative.

1. A lawyer can give preventive advice.

2. One action can violate both civil and criminal law.

3. We must consider the relationship of law to morals.

4. All courts in the United States must follow the US Supreme Court decisions.

5. You should consult a lawyer about buying or selling real estate.

6. Potential legal secretaries should be intelligent and creative.

7. People might take advantage of one another without some set of rules.

8. Advertisements for lawyers may be found in newspapers, magazines, on radio or television.

9. We need laws.

10. The reporter has to be able to write as fast as people speak.

II. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. You must be able to trust your attorney.

2. Once a trial court has made a decision, the losing party may be able to appeal the decision to an appellate court.

3. These laws may have been unwritten.

4. A civil action can be brought when one person feels wronged or injured by another person.

5. It could have been any one of them, couldn’t?

6. Juries are not used as often as one might think.

7. You should consider consulting an attorney about a number of common situations.

8. An error of law occurs when the judge gives the wrong instructions to the jury or permits evidence that should not have been allowed.

9. An important thing you need to know is when to see a lawyer.

10. If Joe beats up Bob, he may have to pay Bob’s medical bills under civil law and may be charged with the crime of assault under criminal law.

11. If you don’t help the police, the criminal might hurt somebody else.

12. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.