- •Предисловие
- •Часть I включает двадцать аутентичных текстов, каждый из которых снабжен лексико-грамматическими упражнениями для развития навыков устной речи.
- •Часть II содержит тексты для ознакомительного чтения и задания к ним, позволяющие осуществить контроль понимания прочитанного.
- •Часть III включает сборник грамматических упражнений, направленных на активное усвоение основных грамматических моделей.
- •Unit 1 What is Law?
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 2 Kinds of laws
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 3 Who makes laws?
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 4 courts
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 5 Court systems
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 6 The Adversary System
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 7 Judges and Juries
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 8 The Idea of Torts: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 9 Types of Torts
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 10 torts that Injure Persons
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 11 State and Federal Criminal Laws.
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 12
- •Victims of Crime
- •If You Become a Victim
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized:
- •Assignments
- •Unit 13 Nature and Causes of Crime
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 14 General Consideration
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignment
- •Unit 15 Preliminary Crimes
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to the memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 16 The Trial
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 17 Arrest
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 18 Crimes Against the Person
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized.
- •Premeditated criminal activity
- •Assignments
- •Unit 19 Crimes Against Property
- •Vandalism
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 20 Sentencing
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Part II
- •Text 1 Consumer Law
- •Assignment
- •Influences on consumer
- •Assignment
- •Test 3 How law protect the consumer
- •Assignment
- •Test 4 Court cases on consumer’s complaints
- •Assignment
- •Text 5 Family law
- •Assignment
- •Text 6 Spouse abuse
- •Assignment
- •Part III
- •There is - there are
- •The Degrees of Comparison
- •The Active Voice
- •The Passive Voice
- •The Infinitive
- •The Gerund
- •Participle I
- •Participle II
- •Modal verbs and their equivalents
- •The Subjunctive Mood
- •Оглавление
Unit 2 Kinds of laws
Laws fall into two major groups: criminal and civil. Criminal laws regulate public conduct and set out duties owed to society. A criminal case is a legal action by the government against a person charged with committing a crime. Criminal laws have penalties requiring that offenders be imprisoned, fined, placed under supervision, or punished in some other way. Criminal offenses are divided into felonies and misdemeanors. The maximum penalty for a felony is a term of more than one year in prison. For a misdemeanor the penalty is a prison term of a year or less.
Civil laws regulate relations between individuals or groups of individuals. A civil action (lawsuit) can be brought when one person feels wronged or injured by another person. Courts may award the injured person money for his or her loss, or it may order the person who committed the wrong to make amends in some other way. An example of a civil action is a lawsuit for recovery of damages suffered in an automobile accident. Civil laws regulate many everyday situations such as marriage, divorce, contracts, real estate, consumer protection and negligence.
Sometimes one action can violate both civil and criminal law. For example, if Joe beats up Bob, he may have to pay Bob’s medical bills under civil law and may be charged with the crime of assault under criminal law.
Recognition vocabulary
verbs |
nouns |
adjectives |
fall into (divide) - подразделяться на set out (duties) - излагать (обязанности) owe (to) - быть должным, обязанным charge with - обвинять в commit (a crime) -совершать преступление require - требовать imprison - заключать в тюрьму fine - штрафовать bring (a lawsuit) - предъявлять (обвинение) wrong - обижать, причинять зло injure - наносить повреждение, ранить award - присуждать order - приказать, принудить suffer (damage) - терпеть убытки violate - преступать, нарушать (закон) |
case - случай, судебное дело penalty - наказание offender - правонарушитель supervision - надзор, руководство felony - тяжкое преступление misdemeanor - мисдиминор, уголовно наказуемый проступок, наименее опасное правонарушение term - срок relation - отношение action (lawsuit) - иск, обвинение court - суд amends - компенсация recovery (of damages) - возмещение (ущерба) divorce - развод marriage - брак insurance - страхование consumer - потребитель protection - защита negligence - халатность, небрежность assault - угроза физическим насилием (real) estate - недвижимость |
major - основной criminal - уголовный civil - гражданский legal - юридический, правовой penal - уголовный bill - счет public - общественный |