Test 1e

Task 1. Study the text.

Ecology

The term “ecology” was introduced by the German biologist Ernst Heinrich Haeckel in 1866. Ecology shows that people cannot regard nature as separate and detached. Any changes made in the environment affect all the organisms in it. Ecology is sometimes confused with environmental programmes and environmental science.

Our planet is a closed system. There is no outlet and there is no inlet. We can get resources only from our planet, and we are doomed to live with all the waste and pollution we make. Human activity is now threatening the basis of all life on the Earth with the accumulation of pollu­tion and environmental destruction. The Northern Hemisphere countries are on a high level of industrial progress. The consumption of resources is too high. The risks are too great. The amount of waste and pollution signifies that the methods of production are not efficient enough. In the Southern Hemisphere poverty forces the population to exploit the resources and meager soil to an extent that cannot be sustained in the long run.

Human activities have caused numerous problems. The destruction of ozone layer and accumulation of carbon dioxide results in global warming. It leads to climate change, to the rise of sea level, to changes in traditional agriculture. Extensive use of land results in soil erosion. Deforestation is another problem. Cutting forests for farmland and timber reduces the production of oxygen and increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

There are problems that can be solved only internationally. Such problems as litter pollution, noise pollution, pure drinking water and some others may be solved locally, by national and local governments. But we can help solve some problems by our individual choices. We can recycle metal, plastic, glass, paper. We can use in our flats LED lighting, which is ten times more economical. We can use less water just by turning off water while cleaning teeth.

Task 2: Translate the marked paragraphs into Russian.

Task 3. Put the questions to the following sentences using prompts in brackets:

1. There are international environmental problems. (What problems …? Разделительный вопрос)

2. Human activities cause numerous problems. (What …? Общий вопрос)

3. Accumulation of carbon dioxide results in global warming. (Why …? Альтернативный вопрос)

Task 4. Fill in the gaps with indefinite pronouns some/any.

1. I am going to see ... of my friends this weekend. 2. We do not have ... amendments to your plan. 3. Yes, I can lend you ... money, but not much. 4. Do you have ... questions? 5. I'm thirsty. Can I have .... water, please?

Task 5. Fill in the gaps with indefinite pronouns somebody/ someone/something/anybody/anyone/ anything.

1. He was to have come an hour ago, I am afraid ... has happened. 2. I couldn’t sleep this night, ... was walking around my house. 3. Can ... help me with this box? 4. Did you hear ... about the accident? 5. The task is very easy, ... can do it.

Task 6. Complete the sentences with reflexive pronouns myself/yourself/himself and so on.

1. Joanna wll understand the situation … . 2. Boys, I have to go right now. Finish the work by … . 3. We shall do everything … . 4. Don’t take any medicine. Your headache will pass by … . 5. Go there and you’ll see everything for … .

Task 7. Make the plural form of the following nouns:

Roof, woman, photo, son, factory, mouse, memorandum, basis, boy, chief, box, game, potato, commander-in-chief, gentleman.

Task 8. Insert the articles where necessary:

1. Alan is best player in our football team. 2. Urals separate Europe from Asia. 3. I turned off light, opened door and went out. 4. How far is it from here to airport? 5. Enjoy your holiday and don't forget to send me postcard. 6. Have you got ticket to concert tomorrow night? 7. What is name of director of film we saw last night? 8. Yesterday I bought jacket and shirt. Jacket was cheap but shirt was expensive. 9. London is on Thames. 11. Mexico is to south of United States of America. 12. Excuse me, can I ask question, please? 13. Mississippi is longest river in world.

Task 9. Form the comparative and superlative degrees of comparison from the adjectives:

1.intelligent; 2.shy; 3.many; 4.slit; 5.late; 6.bright; 7.little.