Test 3d

Task 1. Study the text.

Classification of crimes

There are basically two classifications of crimes. The first one is the classification by gravity and the other is by the object of crime.

Criminal law of most modern states classifies crimes by the object as:

• offences against the safety of the state (treason, sedition, rebellion, tax evasion, bribery, counterfeiting);

• offences against the public peace and order (rioting, drunk and dis­orderly conduct, carrying weapons, illegal speeding):

• offences against a person (homicide, assault, battery, mayhem, kid­napping, rape);

• offences against property (theft, larceny, robbery, burglary, hijack­ing loaded trucks, receiving stolen property, embezzlement);

• offences against consumers ( fraudulent sale of wild cat securities);

• offences against decency (bigamy, obscenity, prostitution, sexual harassment);

• Inchoate offences (aiding, abetting, incitement, conspiracy, attempt);

• offences concerned with obstructing justice (perjury, assisting of­fenders, concealing, contempt of court)

Not all crimes are viewed as equally serious by the law or by the public in general. Crimes, according to their gravity, are divided into felonies and misde­meanors. Felonies are the most serious types of crimes. Among the felonies rec­ognized by the Common law are homicide, arson, rape, robbery, burglary, larceny, kidnapping, drug dealing and others. The punishment for a felony is stiffer than it is for a misdemeanor. In many states, the punishment for a felony is imprisonment for at least one year or death in some limited case. Misdemeanors are less serious crimes. They include disorderly conduct, public drunkenness, minor driving viola­tions and so on. Persons found guilty are usually punished by fines or imprison­ment for no more than one year.

As for the classification of crime in Great Britain and Wales the Criminal Law Act 1967 introduced the concept of "arrestable"(indictable) and "non-arrestable"(summary) offences, thus abolishing the old distinction between felo­nies (serious crimes) and misdemeanors (minor offences).

An arrestable offence is one for which no specific arrest warrant is re­quired; a police officer can arrest without a magistrate's warrant for a suspected crime as is the case of murder, treason and piracy with vio­lence.

When an offence is non-arrestable, war­rants are issued when the defendant has failed to answer a summons and the magistrates think it essential that he should be present at a hearing. The summons must contain particulars of the alleged offence.

Task 2. Translate the marked paragraphs into Russian.

Task 3. Answer the questions to the text in written form:

1. What are the most common classifications of crimes?

2. What crimes are distinguished according to gravity?

3. What is the difference between felonies and misdemeanours?

4. What punishments are applied in case of felonies?

5. How are misdemeanours punished?

6. What classification of crimes is used in Great Britain?

Task 4. Open the brackets focusing on the use of tense forms in conditionals:

1. They would do it if they (can)

2. If she doesn’t come, I (not, invite) her ever again.

3. Would you have come if you (know) earlier about the meeting?

4. If he (buy) that car, he’ll be sorry.

5. She would be more careful if she (be) him.

6. I (not, go) to sleep over that book if it (not, be) so dull.

7. If I (know) you (come), I of course (stay) at home.

Task 5. Choose the proper modal verb from those in brackets, write the resulting sentence and translate it into Russian:

1. There’s plenty of time. You (don’t have to; mustn’t; needn’t) hurry.

2. It was a great party last night. You (must have; should have; had to) come. Why didn’t you?

3. The Ford theatre where Lincoln was shot (must restore; must be restoring; must have been restored; must restored).

4. If we (have to; must; should; are to) succeed, we need to change the structure of our company.

5. If a company’s name has been registered, no other company (must be incorporated; should become incorporated; need be incorporated; may incorporate) under that name.

6. If you have a credit card you (must not; do not have to; have not; might not) carry a lot of cash with you.

Task 6. Open the brackets using the required form of the Infinitive or Infinitive construction. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. She'll be glad (promote) to this office. 2. I'm glad (see) Tom again last weekend. 3. He made us (wait) for hours. 4. I suspect (he, help) by accomplices. 5. I'd like (the report, prepare) by Saturday. 6. The committee is known (make) already the decision. 7. He is expected (sell) his business soon.

Task 7. Open the brackets using the gerund in the appropriate form. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. The public image of the company is rather negative; it needs (improve). 2. The police officer (to give) the details of the incident solved the prob­lem. 3. She was very pleased at (choose) to represent the interests of the company. 4. I am tired of (ask) so many questions. 5. He died in hospital without (recover) consciousness.

Task 8. Open the brackets using the participle in the appropriate form. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. (Know) that he was hard up I offered him a moonlighting. 2. With Joanna (study) at a college her mother had to find an employment. 3. (Complete) the project the team had a party at a restaurant. 4. I saw this man (drink) his coffee at the corner table. 5. (Summon) to jury service she had to change her plans for that week. 6. We want to have this room (redecorate) in two weeks.