Test 3b

Task 1. Study the text.

The judicial system of the republic of belarus

Under the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus the judicial power in the Republic is vested in courts of law. The judicial system of the Republic is made up of courts of law of three tiers. On the top of the judicial pyramid is the Supreme Court of the Republic of Belarus. It is the highest appellate court of the country. It is headed by the Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Belarus who is appointed by the President on the consent of the upper house of the National Assembly - the Council of the Republic. The Supreme Court judges are nominated by the President on the advice of the Chairman and must be approved by the Council of the Republic. Once approved, all members of the Court hold office for life. The Supreme Court includes separate divisions for civil, criminal and military cases. The Court has a supervisory function over the work of the lower courts. It also collects and analyses the courts statistics.

The middle tier of the republican judicial system is made up of six regional courts and the Minsk Town Court. The composition of those courts is similar to that of the Supreme Court. All judges of the regional courts including their chairmen are nominated by the President on the recommendation of the Chairman of the Supreme Court and the Minister of Justice for life. These courts deal with major criminal, civil and military cases and hear appeals from inferior courts. The decisions of the regional courts may be appealed only to the Supreme Court.

At the bottom of the judicial pyramid are district and town courts spread all over the country. Most litigation starts in these courts. A district or town court usually consists of a chairman and a number of judges, depending on the size and the population of the district. All judges of these inferior courts are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Chairman of the Supreme Court and the Ministry of Justice. The first term of office of an inferior court judge is five years; all other judges are appointed for life. District and town courts decide both criminal and civil cases and deal with administrative matters involving disputes between individuals and individuals and government departments. The decisions of district and town courts may be appealed to the corresponding regional courts and further up to the Supreme Court of the Republic of Belarus.

The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Belarus checks the constitutionality of the laws, decrees, orders and other documents which have the force of law.

Task 2. Translate the marked paragraphs into Russian.

Task 3. Answer the questions to the text in written form:

1. What are the functions of the Supreme Court of the RB?

2. How are the judges of the Supreme Court appointed?

3. What divisions are the regional courts separated into?

4. What is the term of office of a judge in the RB?

5. How many tiers of courts does the Belarusian judiciary consist of?

6. That is the jurisdiction of the Constitutional court of the RB?

Task 4. Open the brackets focusing on the use of tense forms in conditional sentences:

1. If John (be) late, don’t wait and go without him.

2. Just give me a call when you (know) something more.

3. Unless I’m needed, I (not, go) there.

4. I will see to it as soon as I (be) through with my other job.

5. If it rains we (stay) at home.

6. If he (be) present, this (not, occur).

7. 7. If the storm (not, rage),the ship (leave) the harbour last night.

Task 5. Choose the proper modal verb from those in brackets, write the resulting sentence and translate it into Russian:

1. Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You (should stay; could stay; could have stayed) with Barbara.

2. I’ve lost one of my gloves. I (must drop; must have dropped; must be dropping) it somewhere.

3. You (are better not; were better not; better not; had better not) go out without coat.

4. “When (are ____ to; must ___ ___ ; do ______ have to; need _____ __ ) we ___ expect you?” -- “Soon after half past five.”

5. Don’t contradict her. You (are to; have to; should; ought to) respect her old age.

6. All the samples of new products must be ready by Friday because the exhibition (is to open; has to open; should be open; should open) on Saturday.

Task 6. Open the brackets using the required form of the Infinitive or Infinitive construction. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. I'll be happy (send) to the conference with my report. 2. He made me (do) it all over again. 3. If you want the evidence (collect) as soon as possible you should let us (start) at once. 4. We expect (he, arrange) everything by the time we come. 5. I don't like (she, prevent) me from doing it. 6. James is expected (make) a report next Wednesday. 7. She is supposed (work) in the library from 2 to 6 p.m. tomorrow.

Task 7. Open the brackets using the gerund in the appropriate form. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. I did not know about he (to send) on business last week. 2. The situation is odd, and it badly needs (explain). 3. The injured man remembered (cross) the road, but he didn't remember (knock down). 4. The witness was punished for (tell) a lie at the trial. 5. The jury can’t make a verdict in spite of (consider) it for two days.

Task 8. Open the brackets using the participle in the appropriate form. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. (Leave) alone in the house, he locked doors and windows. 2. (Send) the letter he felt more relaxed 3. I hear somebody (talk). 4. I want to have these invoices (issue) in triplicate. 5. With senior partner (be absent) John had to do all the work. 6. It was really an (excite) experience and she spoke about it in an (excite) voice.