3 Семестр

Для выполнения контрольных работ за 3-й семестр необходимо повторить или изучить следующий грамматический материал:

1. Сослагательное наклонение.

2. Условные предложения разных типов.

3. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

4. Неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив.

5. Инфинитивные обороты.

6. Неличные формы глагола. Герундий.

7. Неличные формы глагола. Причастие.

Test 3a

Task 1. Study the text.

The system of courts in the united states

According to the Constitution “the judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as Congress may from time to time ordain and establish”. The United States has a unique double system of judiciary: federal and state.

The federal system is headed by the US Supreme Court. The US Supreme Court is the highest tribunal in the United States. It checks the constitutionality of the laws. It includes a Chief Justice and eight associate justices. They are all appointed by the President and approved by the Senate.

Under the Constitution the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls and cases in which a state is a party. In all other cases the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction is only appellate.

There are 13 Federal Courts of Appeal. The principal function of an appellate court is to review a trial court’s actions and decisions in given cases, and to decide whether the trial judge properly followed the law and legal precedent. In criminal or civil cases where a jury is used, the appellate court may have to decide whether the jury’s decision was proper.

The lower tier of the federal court system is made of United States District Courts. There are 94 Federal District courts throughout the country. They are trial courts of primary jurisdiction. The function of a trial court is to receive and consider evidence in a case and make judgements based on the facts and underlying law and legal precedent. District Courts primarily hear cases involving violations of federal law, such as theft of federal property, pure food regulations, misuse of federal post, kidnapping, etc. The jury system is used in federal district courts.

The state system of courts repeats the pattern of the federal system. It also consists of three tiers and is headed by a Supreme Court. The functions and powers of a state Supreme Court are similar to those of the US Supreme Court within the authority of a state constitution. Each state has a court of appeal. Appellate court judges review the earlier trial and determine whether or not it was fair, according to the law.

The lower tier of a state system is made of courts of trial. Trial courts at the state level may be divided into courts of limited jurisdiction and courts of general jurisdiction. Courts of limited jurisdiction rule on minor civil matters and minor violations of the criminal law. Courts of general jurisdiction consider more serious civil and criminal cases.

Task 2. Translate the marked paragraphs into Russian.

Task 3. Answer the questions to the text in written form:

1. What courts of law does the US Constitution establish?

2. How many tiers of courts is the US Federal judiciary made of?

3. What are the jurisdictions of the US Supreme Court?

4. What cases do the Federal District courts hear?

5. What makes the state judiciaries similar to federal judiciary?

6. What courts make up the lower tier of the state court systems?

Task 4. Open the brackets focusing on the use of tense forms in the conditional sentences:

1. What would you have done if I (say) nothing then?

2. I’ll go for a walk after I (do) my homework.

3. Before we (make) the decision, we’ll have to think it over very carefully.

4. Don’t do it unless you really (have) to.

5. I shan’t need this tool after I (finish) repairing the door-lock.

6. If she (come) earlier, she (have been able) to see him before went out.

7. 4. He (go) for a ride with you, if he (repair) his bicycle.

Task 5. Choose the proper modal verb from those in brackets, write the resulting sentence and translate it into Russian:

1. The fire spread through the building quickly but everybody (was able to escape; should escape; must escape).

2. The phone is ringing. It (need to; ought to; could) be Tom.

3. The author (must have been; ought to have been; should have been; was to have been) extremely ambitious indicating only desirable targets instead of attainable ones.

4. The company is considering whether any new products (need to be added; should be adding; need add; ought to add) to the line for sale in foreign countries.

5. Price restrictions (may; should; must; ought to) prevent firms from using the strategies they consider optimal in achieving their ends.

6. If you have a high blood pressure, you (had better; are better; need better; may better) stop eating salt.

Task 6. Open the brackets using the required form of the Infinitive or Infinitive construction. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. I'm happy (hear) of Tom's success. 2. Mary was happy (give) that job. 3. They won't let us (leave) the Customs till our luggage has been examined. 4. I'd like (the professor, look through) my report. 5.We considered (he, be) an honest person. 6. He is considered (be) a good lawyer. 7. He is believed (work) at an urgent problem now.

Task 7. Open the brackets using the gerund in the appropriate form. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. The famous man didn't need (introduce) himself. 2. I remembered he (be elected) some months before. 3. He got into the house by (climb) through a window, without (see) by anyone. 4. It is unwise to buy a car before (obtain) the driving license. 5. He complained of (mistreat) by the personnel of the hotel.

Task 8. Open the brackets using the participle in the appropriate form. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. I must have these documents (prepare) by Monday. 2. Then I will need these documents (authorize) by the notary. 3. It was really a (frighten) situation and (frighten) people didn’t know what to do. 4. (Examine) the crime scene, the investigators left. 5. (Ask) of his whereabouts that day, he couldn’t provide any answer.