5. Read the article and put the correct expressions of obligation and permission into the gaps. Discuss the text.

cannot ride / will not marry / will dress / shall sweep /

may not visit / may not travel / must be / must be at horns

/ should command / can only keep

At the beginning of the 20^th century female teachers had a very restricted life. There was a set of "golden rules" that they had to abide by or risk instant dismissal. The rules were there to make sure teachers commanded authority and respect, but for women it meant sacrificing a lot of personal freedom. Nowa­days it seems quite incredible that such strict rules should be enforced on female teaching staff.

1. You ... during the term of your contract.

2. You ... company with other women.

3. You ... authority and respect from your pupils at all times.

4. You ... between 8 p.m. and 6 a.m. unless attending a school function.

5. You ... ice-cream parlours at any time.

6. You ... in a carriage or automobile with any man unless he is your father or brother.

7. You ... the schoolroom floor at least once daily.

8. You ... in plain colours of grey or black and your dress ... no more than 1 inch above the ankles.

9. You ... beyond the city limits without the permission of the chairman of the board of school governors.

Test modal verbs

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1	Don’t argue with her, you ___ her age.	Need respect	Have to respect	Ought to respect	Are to respect
2	You ___ it long ago.	Must do	Should have done	Needn’t have done	Are to do
3	This is serious; you ___ at it.	Haven’t to laugh	Should not laugh	Don’t have to laugh	Must not have laughed
4	There ___ an interesting concert last night, but I didn’t feel well and ___ home.	Had to be/ had to stay	Should be/ was to stay	Must be/ ought to stay	Was to be/ had to stay
5	According to the rules a football player ___ the ball with his hands.	Must not touch	Need not touch	Don’t have to touch	Must not have touched
6	The situation was dangerous. You ___ frightened.	Should have got	Must have got	Have to get	Need have got
7	We ___ to write and thank them for their hospitability.	Must not forget	Must not have forgotten	Shouldn’t forget	Don’t have to forget
8	Why ___ I know where he is?	should	must	need	ought
9	They ___ more polite.	Need have been	Should have been	Must have been	Are to have been
10	You ___ so much noise or you’ll wake up the baby!	Must not make	Must not have made	Needn’t have made	Don’t have to make
11	‘They ___ an excellent vacancy last week. You ____ an opportunity of getting it,’ he reproached me.	Had/ mustn’t	Have had/ might not have missed it	Had/ shouldn’t have missed	Were having/ couldn’t miss
12	He had to earn ___ living at ___ an early, ____?	_____/ such/ hadn’t he	His/ such/ didn’t he	Himself/ so/ hadn’t he	To/ so/ didn’t he
13	We ___ a camera because we never ___ a chance to use it.	Might not have taken/ had	Should not have taken/ have had	Needn’t have taken/ had	Mustn’t have taken/ had had
14	The line is busy; someone ____ on the phone now.	Should be speaking	Should have been speaking	Must be speaking	Can’t be speaking
15	You ___ this! See how ___ she is.	Ought not to say/ distressing	Ought not to have said/ distressed	Won’t be able to say/ distressing	Cannot have said/ distressed
16	He says that nothing ___, because it is too late. But I don’t believe a single word of his; they ___ us.	Should do/ mustn’t have failed	Can’t be done/ oughtn’t fail	Mustn’t be done/ shouldn’t have failed	Can be done/ can’t have failed
17	I managed to come here at half past six. But I ___. They ___.	Needn’t have hurried/ had already left	Needn’t hurry/ have already left	Mustn’t have hurried/ had already left	Shouldn’t hurry/ have already left
18	If she doesn’t take care of herself, she ___ have a nervous breakdown and ___ to hospital.	May/ should go	Can/ need to go	May/ may have to go	Must/ must go
19	He ___ his wallet himself, it ___	Might lose/ couldn’t be stolen	May have lost/ can’t have been stolen	Could have lost/ must not have been stolen	Ought to lose/ shouldn’t be stolen
20	You ___ a message at least! We ___ for two hours.	Should send/ waited	Must have sent/ were waiting	Could send/ have been waiting	Might have sent/ had been waiting
21	The only trouble is that I ___ my exams in spring and ___ them now.	Couldn’t have taken/ must have	Couldn’t take/ must have	Mustn’t have taken/ must have had	Can’t take/ must have had
22	The plane ___ at 5 a.m. and in this hurry-scurry she ___ the tickets on the table.	Had to take off/ can leave	Was to take off/ must have left	Was to take off/ needn’t leave	Must have taken off/ shouldn’t leave
23	Why ___ he take the scandal on himself? It is not ___.	Must/ fairly	May/ fair	should/ fair	could/ fairly
24	You ___ to him. His information is ___.	Shouldn’t listen/ misled	Needn’t have listened/ misleading	Can’t have listened/ misled	Mustn’t have listened/ misleading
25	It is not worth ___to bed if he ___ at five.	To go/ have to get up	Going/ must have got up	To have gone/ is to get up	Going/ doesn’t have to get up
26	They have made me ___ that I ___ selfish about it.	Think/ may have been	To think/ must be	Thinking/ might have been	Thought/ should have been
27	It ___ late when I ___; there were no people in the street.	Must have been/ was going back	Must be/ am going	Can’t have been/ was going	Couldn’t have been/ went
28	You ___ worry, you ___ always rely on me in this matter.	Must not/ need	Need not/ may	Can/ need not	Should/ must
29	You ___ this device. It ___ dangerous.	Couldn’t have touched/ may be	Must not touch/ may be	Shouldn’t have touched/ ought to be	Needn’t touch/ must have been
30	I ___ my job. I ___ you before.	Needn’t have put off/ should ask	Shouldn’t have put off/ need to ask	Needn’t have put off/ should have asked	Shouldn’t put off/ should ask

Translate the sentence and comment on the form and meaning of the modal verb can.

1. Could I pick some roses as well? Or a mixed bunch of things? 2. It was a pity that she was ill and could not go. 3. Edmund, darling, could she have the bedside lamp out of your study, just for this evening? 4. In the old days, people could feed nearly all the animals. 5. If she had had money she could perhaps have paid for everything; as things were, she could do nothing of the kind. 6. He could think of nothing to say in replay and so he didn’t. 7. I’ve broken it (the thermometer). 8. Her literary agent friend rang up and asked if she could come down for dinner. 9. I just seem to know nobody who I could ring and say I just feel awful and I haven’t a penny. 10. She went to the bed, and bent down so that Anne could kiss her. 11. The driver’s face was of a complexion on to which you could have dropped a fried egg without anyone noticing. 12. The windows were open, and the scent of jasmine and roses could be smelled. 13. Janet tied to imagine what an unserious talk could have been like. 14. If only they could talk, everything would seem easier and better. 15. She couldn’t come to Paris, she said; she was nursing Mrs Cornhill, there was nobody else in the house, and she couldn’t leave. 16. It was a big barn and we could hide in the hay if we heard anyone. 17. If you’re planning to open a shop or build a ship you couldn’t have come to a better man. 18. She was so tired, she couldn’t drag herself upstairs to dress. 19. After all if she couldn’t do what she liked who could? 20. He could hardly have been so cool about it, so open, if there were anything in it.

1. I can’t shift the bolts on the wheel, at all. I’ll have to get help. 2. I speak three languages and I can’t spell in any of them. 3. You could join her much later if she wants you to go on the yacht. 4. ‘Shall I fill some pots now?’ – ‘You can do the whole thing if you like.’ 5. Could you stop the car, please, for a moment? 6. oh, really. She can’t put up with that! 7. I wish he could have a pony of his own. 8. All the shelves were wedged tight with books, but there still existed large numbers of books which could find no place in the shelves. 9. How could she have been so cold, so unloving to this adorable creature? How could she have been so blind? 10. ‘Oh, it’s you, Sue.’ – ‘Yes. Can I come in?’ 11. What is not done today, could be done tomorrow. 12. There was nothing he could do about it at the moment. 13. I could never have believed till I came here that natural courtesy could be such a wonderful – such a positive thing. 14. ‘Why didn’t you stop all that?’ – ‘How could I?’ – ‘You could have found some way.’ – ‘Could I, I wonder?’ 15. Where’ s Miss Laura? She came out right after me. Where can she be?

ключ

Fill in the blanks with can/can’t or be able to in the proper form

1. He can speak English rather fluently, but that time he was not able to say a word. 2. He has never been able to speak in public. 3. I used to be able to speak German very well. 4. You can marry her, but you can’t make her love you. 5. I can’t do it on Friday, but I will be able to do it next week. 6. can you give me a lift to the station, please? 7. I used be able to eat a kilo of sweets for supper. 8. I have never been able to ride a bicycle. 9. You couldn’t see him at the meeting. He was ill. 10. I’d like to be able to ski very well. 11. Luckily I could find a taxi. 12. I could (not) drive when I was fifteen. 13. I can hear somebody running. 14. He did not want to go there, but we were able to persuade him. 15. She sighed. I could feel her hands shaking.

Open the brackets with could (expressing a possibility) or could have (expressing a possibility that did not happen) and make all necessary changes

1. A car is pulling up. It could be Lucy. 2. He could have got a credit, but he did not prepare all the documents in time. 3. Why didn’t you ask me? I could have done it for you. 4. He could be there tomorrow. 5. They could have been there yesterday. 6. Why are you so depressed? He could have told a lie. 7. You should have told us about your delay. We could have cancelled our meeting. 8. He could do it if he tries. 9. Somebody has called on you today. – It could have been a friend of mine. 10. I think he could have committed a crime, but he’s got an alibi. 11. The train arrives at 11.30. She could come at noon. 12. Yesterday I saw him driving at a very high speed. He could have crashed.

Express your surprise and disbelief using can/could

A in interrogative sentence

1. Can he have been at the party yesterday? 2. Could they be in Germany? 3. Can he have broken his leg? 4. Could they have sent to prison? 5. Can she have got married? 6. Could he study at Cambridge University? 7. Can she have been practicing the violin for five years? 8. Could he have made an interesting report? 9. Could he have won a lot of money in the casino? 10. Can they go to the Canaries next summer?

B in negative sentences

1. You can’t be mistaken. 2. They can’t have forgotten about the meeting. 3. He couldn’t be writing a new novel now. 4. She couldn’t have bought a new fur coat. 5. He can’t have had an accident. 6. Mary can’t invite the Jones to her place for the weekend. 7. They couldn’t have upset our plans. 8. She can’t waste a lot of time. 9. Mr. Fox couldn’t be a reliable person. 10. She couldn’t be making a cruise now.

Translate into English using the verb can.

1. The children have rich imagination. They can easily imagine different stories. 2. You can take a dictionary. I don’t need it any more. 3. It couldn’t be that she was so coarse/rude with you. 4. Can she be thinking about me even now? 5. Could she have got married John? 6. They could have come today. But it is already late. 7. But for your umbrella, I could have got wet through. 8. It couldn’t be that it is still 3 o’clock now. Your watch has stopped. 9. I could have said it at once but I didn’t want to upset you. 10. It couldn’t be that you really believed it. 11. He couldn’t take you for another person. 12. Could we take Jack with us? 13. Could we be late for a train? They have left the house very early. 14. No, baby, you can’t eat ice-cream in the winter. 15. Couldn’t you dictate me this page?

Choose between may and might

1. May I come in? (request) – Yes, you may (permission). 2. It’s unfair that he doesn’t know the truth. You might tell him everything. (reproach) 3. He may know about it himself (a suggestion) 4. He is waiting for you. You might put off your work for some time (reproach) 5. Might we leave our things here? (a polite request) 6. He may not understand English. (a possibility) 7. You know he is ill. You might go and visit him. (reproach) 8. Where are you going to spend your vacation? – I don’t know yet. I may go to Spain. (possibility ) 9. After school he may go to University. (suggestion) 10. Might I talk to him right now? The matter is urgent (a polite request)

Paraphrase the following sentences using the verb may/might

1. Under the law you may make one photocopy for your personal use but you can’t make multiple copies. 2. This may/ might be the reason why they have refused to join us. 3. I may/ might have to take her to hospital; she may/ might have broken her arm in the accident/ 4. He may/ might not have had her phone number. 5. When the World Cup was shown on TV, I might stay up late and watch it. 6.Your friend may/ might help you, but I don’t believe it. 7. They may/ might not known that the problem was so urgent. 8. May I smoke here? 9. You might have come! I needed your help badly. 10. She may/ might have made a mistake, but I am not sure of it. She is a very punctual person.

Fill in the blanks with may/might or can/could and make all necessary changes

1. You might have warned me about it beforehand. 2. The weather is changing. It may/ might start raining. 3. No, he can’t/ couldn’t have heard your name. We tried to speak in a whisper. 4. He may not/ might not have heard your name. That’s why he did not say anything. 5. She can’t/ couldn’t have noticed us. We were standing too far away. 6. She may/ might not have noticed us though we were standing beside her. 7. May I use your name as a referee? 8. She may/ might not have heard the news, that’s why she looks as if nothing had happened. 9. She can’t/ couldn’t have heard the news, nobody could tell her about it. 10. The professor says that I may rewrite the essay. 11. My I use your phone? 12. He might have helped them when they were in trouble. 13. can/ could he have said it? no, it’s not like him. He is a man of few words.

Choose the right variant

1. I don’t like the way you study. I think you _____ harder!

a) might have worked b) might work c) could work d) could have worked

2. Let’s wait a little. He ______.

a)may have come b) could have come c) may come d) might have come

3. She _____ of the plan herself. Somebody has suggested it to her.

a) can’t have thought b) may not have thought c) can’t think d) may not think

4. They _____ our telegram, that’s why they did not meet us.

a) couldn’t have received b) can’t have received c) may not have received d) may not receive

5. She _____my letter! – Don’t be so angry with her. She ______ it by mistake.

a) may not read, may do b) cannot read, can do

c) might not have read, can’t have done d) can’t have read, might have done

6. He ______ it. I don’t believe you.

a) is not able to say b) might not say c) can’t have said d) might not have said

Translate into English using the verb may

1. She might not like a new teacher,, but she wasn’t afraid of him at all. 2. You may drop at our place after 7 o’clock, if you wish. 3. You might have taken at least your sister’s advice! 4. Nobody might pay any attention to you/. 5. Oliver asked if he might take one more plate of cereal. 6. The patient turned better. You may see him tomorrow. 7. You might be more serious. You are already a grown-up. 8. Where is my passport? – You might have forgotten it at home. 9. Ask them if we might go with them camping. 10. He might not have been at the lecture. –But he says he was there. 11. She was’t English, but she might be easily mixed. 12. Возможно, летом меня не будет в городе. 13. Он стоял довольно далеко от них и, возможно, не слышал их слов. 14. Как бы надолго ты ни уехал, я буду ждать тебя. 15. Ты мог бы купить мне эту книгу! Ты знал, что она мне очень нужна.

Must and its equivalents

Comment on the meaning of the verb must. Translate the sentences into Russian

1. I suppose one must be serious sometimes. 2. It must be seven. 3. Harry, you are horrible! You mustn’t say these dreadful things. 4. Nothing must be done in a hurry. 5. You and I are friends, Basil, and we must always remain so. 6. I’ve always thought he must be quite clever in his way. 7. Surely it must have been O’ Murphy’s doing. 8. I must be getting sentimental. 9. But surely you agree with me that the other woman must have gone to the wrong flat. That is the only possible solution. 10. ‘I’m afraid I must be going, Basil,’ he murmured. 11. It was in that tone that he must have spoken to his children when they were tiresome. 12. She must have watched him hide the books in the garden and brought them back in. 13. You mustn’t say that, you mustn’t think that. 14. He looked sixty, but I knew he must be much less than that. 15. She must be found and brought back here at once. 16. Her life must have been very unhappy. 17. You must be in love. 18. ‘You mustn’t talk so much,’ the doctor said. 19. She must have been a very stupid woman, or else very inexperienced. 20. You must be telling another lie.

Fill in the blanks with must/ had to/ will have to

1. Hurry up! We … be late. 2. As we were short of time I … decided what to do at once. 3. Tomorrow is my day off, so I … get up early. 4. You … take better care of the children. 5. If you don’t know how to use a new machine you … touch it. 6. One can’t keep this book long. I … to return it in a week. 7. As far as I knew nobody could cope with the task better than I, so I … go there myself. And I was right. 8. Mark says he will see Margaret off, so you … to do it. 9. It was Sunday yesterday, so I … go to work. 10. ‘You … stop at the red light’, the mother said to the child.

Choose the correct variant

1. His German is very poor. He must (study/be studying/ have studied) very hard. 2. His German is very good, he must (study/ be studying/ have studied) very hard. 3. His German has considerably improved, he must (study/be studying/ have studied) hard during his holiday. 4. He must (study/ be studying/ have been studying) German these two years, his German is rather rich and fluent. 5. She must (have taken/ be taking/ have been taking) a bath at that moment that’s why she did not answer your call. 6. She must (be/ be being/ have been) at home now, we saw her leaving the office. 7. She must (be/ be being/ have been) at home, she can’t go away because there is no one to look after her sick mother. 8. You must always (think/ be thinking/ have thought) twice before you say anything. 9. Now he must (think/ be thinking/ have thought) of what she has said. 10. He knows they are coming. They must (write/ be writing/ have written) to him of their arrival in due time. 11. She must (play/ be playing/ have been playing) the piano now. 12. The foreigner must (understand/ understood/ have understood) me, for he nodded his head. 13. Where is Sara? I haven’t seen her for a long time. – she must (stay/ be staying/ have stayed) at her friends’. She wanted to spend July with them. 14. He must (get/ be getting/ have got) all he needed, otherwise he would have come again. 15. We must (meet/ have met/ have been meeting) somewhere before.

Open the brackets and use the proper infinitive after the verb must.

1. Look! All people in the street are going with their umbrellas up. It must (rain). 2. He has changed his job. He must (follow) your advice. 3. He must (fall) ill. Otherwise he would have come to the party. 4. Where is Michael? He must (be) here by now. – He lives in the country. He must (miss) the train. 5. What a dreadful noise! What is the matter? – Our neignbors must (quarrel) again. 6. Nobody must (notice) that he was not used to speaking in public. 7. The criminal must (be) very careful. He did not leave any fingerprints. 8. We are late, I am afraid. Ann must (wait) for us. 9. He must (forget) that he promised to come. 10. They must (write) a composition for two hours. They must (be) tired. 11. You must (misunderstand) me, I did not want to hurt your feelings. 12. Nobody must (see) him enter. Everybody startled when he came in. 13. I hear someone’s steps outside. She must (go). 14. You may find him in the garden. He must (read). 15. It is impossible to change anything. One must (take) things as they are.

Paraphrase the following sentences using the verb must

1. They are in Greece. I am sure they are enjoying themselves. 2. She is an experienced teacher. I am certain she has been working at school for at least twenty years. 3. They have probably finished painting the house. 4. I feel sure she is at home. 5. Probably they have already crossed the frontier. 6. She is sure he is playing cards with his friends. 7. She is not very young, as she seems to be. I think she is nearly forty. 8. I think you have visited this place before. 9. He has to do a very urgent task. I feel sure he is working now. 10. He is so absent-minded. I am sure he left the letter unanswered. 11. You know he is a good tennis player. He is no doubt has won this match. 12. I shan’t bother you any longer; no doubt you feel tired of my talking after a tiring day. 13. It is clear that they are expecting somebody. 14. She was obviously upset by something; I never saw her so nervous. 15. The youth is probably reading something funny. He is smiling all the time.

Translate into English

1. Я должен знать, что происходит. 2. Неужели ты действительно должен делать это за него? 3. Сколько дней ты должен там провести? 4. Тебе придется напомнить ему об этом разговоре. 5. Мы вынуждены были отложить отъезд. 6. Когда он был маленьким ему часто приходилось оставаться дома одному. 7. Я надеюсь, я не должен буду отвечать на его вопросы. 8. Боюсь, нам придется изменить планы. 9. Мы должны сделать для нее все, что мы можем. 10. Я должен был подумать прежде, чем ответить на его вопрос. 8. Боюсь, нам придется изменить планы. 9. Я должен был подумать прежде, чем ответить на его вопрос. 11. Если ты туда пойдешь, я должен буду сопровождать тебя. 12. Боюсь, я должна буду задержаться на работе до 8. 13. Должен сказать тебе, что ты неправа. 14. Должно быть, это необычное решение. 15. Почему ты должен был туда поехать?

Translate into English using the verb must

1. Она, должно быть заболела. Иначе она была бы уже на работе. 2. По-видимому, это труднее, чем вы предполагали. 3. В окнах нет света. Должно быть, опять никого нет дома. 4. У вас очень много ошибок. Надо уделять больше внимания грамматике. 5. Этот вопрос надо решать немедленно. 6. Очевидно, они говорили обо мне. Когда я подошла они сразу замолчали. 7. Должно быть, она проводит там много времени. 8. Никого сюда не впускать! Понятно? 9. Детей надо учить плавать как можно раньше. 10. Она, наверное, все знала, но не хотела меня расстраивать.

Open the brackets and fill in the brackets with the appropriate forms of the verbs must/have to/to be to

1. You … (not tell) him about it. it’s a secret. 2. It looks like rain. You … (take) your raincoats. 3. You … (not talk) so loudly here. 4. In his youth he … (work) from morning till night to earn his living. 5. He … (wait) at the station till it stopped raining. 6. The secretary informed us when the manager … (come). 7. They … (leave) on Saturday, but because of the delay with their visas they … (book) tickets for Monday. 8. They … (not tell) him anything about it before they get further instructions. 9. He … (leave) for London that night. 10. … I (do) it all by myself? 11. It was too late to change their plans and they … (put up) with it. 12. You … (not prepare) all this work, I will help you. 13. Stay here till she is free. I think you … (not wait) long. 14. We … (conduct) a series of experiments this week. 15. Remember that we … (be) at this place not later than noon.

1. As his eyes are bad he … wear glasses. 2. They asked me questions and I … answer them. 3. Where … I meet him? – At the railway station. 4. I … see her. It’s important. 5. We … meet at five but I was late. 6. As he couldn’t join me I … go alone. 7. You … admit that you are wrong. 8. It’s an official party. Everyone … wear a tie. 9. The manager was busy, so we … wait for some time. 10. Who … do this part of the work? – Mark and Steve have agreed to do it. 11. How … I understand you? What do you expect from me? 12. I’m so worried. You definitely … let me know as soon as you know learn anything new. 13. It takes me long to get to work. I … spend an hour and a half every day. 14. ‘You … give up smoking,’ the doctor said to the patient. 15. … I discuss it with him? Do you expect me to?

Translate into English using modal verb must and its equivalents.

1. Так как моя машина часто ломается, мне приходится ездить на автобусе. 2. Что мне делать с этой коробкой? – оставьте ее в коридоре. 3. Как ты мог об этом забыть? Ты всегда должен об этом помнить. 4. Тебе часто приходиться помогать детям делать домашнее задание? 5. Когда вы их ждете? – Они должны приехать во вторник. 6. Как мы договорились, Эллен должна была купить цветы и ждать нас на остановке. 7. Я должен связаться с ними? 8. Так как у нас было много багажа, нам пришлось звать носильщика. 9. Вы не должны критиковать детей в присутствии посторонних. 10. «Вы обязательно должны носить очки», - сказал врач пациенту. 11. И что я должен сказать, если он затронет этот вопрос? 12. Тебе придется остаться дома до тех пор, пока он не появиться. 13. Он заболел. Кто должен выполнять его обязанности? 14. Он не смог купить билеты в театр, и нам пришлось остаться дома. 15. Ты должен сказать нам правду.

1. Он, должно быть, слышал об этом. 2. Этот дом, должно быть, построен в начале столетия. 3. Вы не должны прекращать работу, пока вы ее не закончите. 4. У них, вероятно, сейчас урок. 5. Не огорчайся, он, должно быть, сделал это случайно. 6. Он, вероятно, сейчас спит. 7. Я ищу этот дом вот уже полчаса и нигде не могу его найти. Должно быть, она дала мне неправильный адрес. 8. Мне не пришлось делать этот чертеж. 9. Он, вероятно, не успел закончить работу к пятнице и был вынужден потратить на нее все выходные, т.к. ее нужно было закончить к понедельнику. 10. Она, должно быть, не полила сад. Земля очень сухая. 11. выбора не было, и им пришлось согласиться. 12. Она, должно быть, ждет нас дома. 13. Она должна ждать нас дома. 14. Ей, наверное, не сказали, что мы уже вернулись. 15. Ей пришлось извиниться, хотя это и было неприятно.