2.Read the sentences, match them with the functions

1. You have to collect the flowers before five o’clock – the shop closes at five. 2. You must wear a suit ant a tie. 3. Can you park the cars in the town car park, please?

1. request b. obligation c. strong obligation from the speaker

3 .Listen to a conversation on the beach. Complete the gaps.

• Hey, look at that yacht.

• They must be seriously …

• Yes. Do you recognize them? They could be …

• Or they may have won the lottery! And look! There’s a girl swimming near them.

• She might know them.

• I don’t think so. She’s a long way from the …

• She may not realize that. She might be snorkeling.

• One thing’s for sure, she can’t be … about swimming back. Or she might not know about the …!

• C an you see that guy over there? He’s horribly sunburnt!

• Wow! She must have been in the sun all day.

• Mm. he might have fallen …

• Well, he can’t have put any sun cream on, that’s for sure.

4.Now read the dialog once again and fill in the modal verbs.

1. The … seriously rich. 2. They … be famous. 3. They … have won a lottery. 4. She … know them. 5. She … realize that. 6. She … be snorkeling. 7. She … be worried about swimming back. 8. She … know about the sharks! 9. He … have been in the sun all day. 10. He … have fallen asleep. 11. He … have put any sun cream on.

5.Complete the gaps with the modal verbs – must, may, may not, might, might not, could, can’t

1. She goes out every evening. She … have a family. 2. He looks depressed he … be having some problems. 3. This woman looks like a politician. She … work for the government. 4. He’s got a very nice sun tan. He … be working in an office all day. 5. Her clothes are all very expensive. She … be earning a lot of money. 6. He often goes abroad. He … be working for the Secret Service.

6. What concepts do the verbs in italics express? Permission? Obligation/advice? Ability? Willingness/ refusal?

1. "Excuse me. May I come in?" 2. "You must stay in bed until I return". 3. "I've had to look after her since I was 14". 4. "I couldn 't believe my eyes". 5. "You should have been examined years ago". 6. "She won't get up". 7. "I can't find anything wrong with you at all". 8. "I ought to call the police". 9. "Can I get up soon?" 10. "You should try to lose weight". 11. "She told me that I couldn't get married and that I had to look after her". 12. "Will you spend Christmas with us?" 13. "You'll have to have physiotherapy". 14."You mustn 't do anything like this again". 15. "You don't have to do everything for her".

7. Find in the text sentences with modal verbs + Perfect Infinitive. Define the meanings of the modal verbs. Retell the story

Martin had been one of the winners named in a magazine crossword competition and was waiting impatiently for the postman to deliver his cheque.

"It ought to have been delivered by now", he said to Jillian one breakfast time. "The results were published over a week ago, so the prizes must have been posted before this. Even if they were sent off on the day the results were published, they should have been delivered by now. It can't have been lost in the post, can it?" he asked doubtfully.

"Do you think", Jillian suggested, "that your form might have been wrongly filled in? If you didn't write our address clearly enough, the cheque could have been misdirected".

Martin was about to explain that the address must have been correctly written, because he had checked the form twice when he heard the sound of letters falling through the letter-box onto the front-door mat. He came back to the breakfast table with two bills, but no cheque. "It must have been mislaid", he said. "I'll ring the magazine during the day".

"Well, what's your news?" Jillian asked when she met Mar­tin on their way home that evening.

"Oh, I rang the magazine", he told her, "and they said the cheques should have been received because they had been posted a week ago. So I rang the post office, I said I wondered if a letter could have been lost or if it might have been wrongly delivered. They said it couldn't have been mislaid in the post office and that if it had been sent to the wrong address, it would have been returned to them. So I rang the police and told them that a cheque should have been delivered to me but hadn't. They said that an envelope might have been dropped in the street by the postman, but it's unusual, and that it ought to have been handed in to them as lost property if it had been picked up. It would certainly have been there if anyone had found it".

"Then I met Tom at lunchtime", Martin said, as they were approaching the front door. "He suggested it might have been pushed under the door mat. Let's see", he said, opening the door and bending down. Red-faced, he showed Jillian a dusty enve­lope.

"It must have been there for days", she laughed. "Come on, how much have you won?"

The cheque was for one pound. "It'll pay for the telephone calls", Martin said. "I'd better ring Tom, and let him know he was right".

"It might have been lost for years", Tom said, when he heard, "if I hadn't suggested looking under the mat. You don't mind if I write a little story about it for my paper, do you?" And two days later Martin read in the local paper for which Tom worked:

A valuable letter to Mr Martin Fry was thought to have been lost or misdirected. After two months the letter was discovered to have been pushed under the front-door mat. Perhaps Mr Fry's mat will get cleaned more often in future.

"Your friend", said Jillian, when she read it, "has got a mis­placed sense of humour".

Modal verb can

Forms

	present	past	future
can	can	could	will be able to …

Meanings

Mental or physical ability	Can you lift this box? They can get there by bus.
Permission Можете+инф	You can go now.
Prohibition нельзя+инф	You can’t cross the street here.
Request	Can you do me a favour?
Doubt, astonishment	Can she be waiting for us? Could she have said that? You couldn’t have done it!

Set-expressions

1. She can't help crying. - Она не может не плакать.

Не couldn't help admiring the city. - Он не мог не восхищаться городом.

2. I can't but ask about it. – Я не могу не спросить от этом.

They couldn't but refuse him. - Им ничего не оставалось, как отказать ему.

Ex. 1 Translate the words in brackets. Define the function

1. Of course, I могу translate this article. 2. I think I мог бы show you how to do it. 3. You можно go and tell her about it. 4. Можно I see the doctor now? 5. He мог бы помочь you but he didn’t want to bother. 6. You можете easily get there in 20 minutes. 7. You сможете do it directly on return. 8. Можно I have some ice-scream with my coffee? 9. You нельзя discuss the subject with your friends. 10. She was in a hurry, she не могла wait for us. 11. There is a sign. You нельзя take pictures here. 12. The swimmer was very tired but he смог reach the shore. 13. Before her illness, she могла work fourteen hours a day. 14. When they buy a car, they смогут visit their friends more often.

Ex. 2 Fill in the blanks with can/can’t or be able to in the proper form

1. He ___ speak English rather fluently, but that time he ___ say a word. 2. He has never ___ speak in public. 3. I used to ____ speak German very well. 4. You ___ marry her, but you ____ make her love you. 5. I ___ do it on Friday, but I ___ do it next week. 6. ___ you give me a lift to the station, please? 7. I used ___ eat a kilo of sweets for supper. 8. I have never ____ ride a bicycle. 9. You ___ see him at the meeting. He was ill. 10. I’d like ___ ski very well. 11. Luckily I ___ find a taxi. 12. I ___ drive when I was fifteen. 13. I ___ hear somebody running. 14. He did not want to go there, but we ___ persuade him. 15. She sighed. I ___ feel her hands shaking.

Ex. 3 Open the brackets with could (expressing a possibility) or could have (expressing a possibility that did not happen) and make all necessary changes

1. A car is pulling up. It could (be) Lucy. 2. He could (get) a credit, but he did not prepare all the documents in time. 3. Why didn’t you ask me? I could (do) it for you. 4. He could (be) there tomorrow. 5. They could (be) there yesterday. 6. Why are you so depressed? He could (tell) a lie. 7. You should have told us about your delay. We could (cancel) our meeting. 8. He could (do) it if he tries. 9. Somebody has called on you today. – It could (be) a friend of mine. 10. I think he could (commit) a crime, but he’s got an alibi. 11. The train arrives at 11.30. she could (come) at noon. 12. Yesterday I saw him driving at a very high speed. He could (crash).

Ex. 4 Express your surprise and disbelief using can/could

A in interrogative sentence

1. He was at the party yesterday. 2. They are in Germany. 3. He has broken his leg. 4. They were sent to prison. 5. She got married. 6. He studies at Cambridge University. 7. She has been practicing the violin for five years. 8. He has made an interesting report. 9. He has won a lot of money in the casino. 10. They will go to the Canaries next summer.

B in negative sentences

1. You are mistaken. 2. They forgot about the meeting. 3. He is writing a new novel now. 4. She has bought a new fur coat. 5. He had an accident. 6. Mary will invite the Jones to her place for the weekend. 7. They upset our plans. 8. She wastes a lot of time. 9. Mr. Fox is a reliable person. 10. She is making a cruise now.

Ex. 5 Translate into English using the verb can.

1. У детей богатое воображение. Они могут легко придумывать разные истории. 2. Ты можешь взять словарь. Мне он больше не нужен. 3. Не может быть, чтобы она была так груба с вами. 4. неужели она и сейчас думает обо мне? 5. Неужели это правда, что она вышла замуж за Джона? 6. Вряд ли они приедут сегодня. Уже поздно. 7. если бы не ваш зонтик, я бы вся промокла. 8. Не может быть, чтобы сейчас было лишь три часа. Ваши часы остановились. 9. Я могла бы вам это сразу сказать, но мне не хотелось расстраивать вас. 10. Не может быть, чтобы вы этому действительно верили. 11. Не мог он принять вас за другого. 12. Можно мы возьмем Джека с собой? 13. Неужели они опоздали на поезд? Они же вышли из дома очень рано. 14. Нет, малыш, зимой мороженое на улице есть нельзя. 15. Вы не могли бы продиктовать мне эту страницу

1. Read the title of the story and try to guess what it could be about?

2. Read the story. Were your ideas correct?