биохимия атеросклероза

LDL, 24, 30, 33, 93 acetylated (acLDL), 73 ECM affinity, 254 glycation, 256

glycation/glycoxidation of, 252 glycoxidation of, 257 oxidative modification of, 152 oxidizability, 222

oxidized, see oxLDL phenotype(s), 168–170 A and B, 172–173

-R pathway, 72–73 -receptor null mice, 460

-receptor related protein (LRP), 8 receptor, 9–10, 56–58, 254, 397

knockout mice, 252 removal of, 54 uptake of, 423

LDLR knockout mouse model, 287 Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT),

7, 54, 93, 96, 256, 482

Lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), 70, 74, 81

Lens crystallins, 294 Leptin, 209–210, 216

deficient-obesity, 28 receptor gene, 210

Leukocyte(s), 422 adhesion molecules, 362 CMV DNA in, 446 recruitment of, 445

Leukotriene, 485 B4, 508

B5, 508

Limb ischemia, 455 Linoleate, 32

Linoleic acid, 506, 532, 545–548, 550–551

α-Linolenate, 548 α-Linolenic acid, 507, 548 Lipase

endothelial, 13–14, 94 hepatic, 8, 17

LIPG gene, 13 Lipid(s)

antigens, 503 bidirectional flux of, 55

in Diabetes Study (LDS), 209 disorders, 216

efflux, 40–46, 98 hydrolysis, 457

metabolism and atherosclerosis, 93–94 oxidation, 531, 536

peroxidation, 222, 253

Index 563

Research Clinic Prevalence Mortality Follow-up Study, 24

Research Clinic Primary Prevention Trial, 24 Lipid-binding affinity, 43

Lipogenesis, 33, 205, 215, 218, 223

in insulin resistance, SREBP-1c role, 220–221 Lipogenesis, 197

Lipoic acid, 226, 305, 310, 316, 318 Lipolysis, 8, 14, 121, 134–135, 215 Lipopolysaccharide, 403 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 56, 74, 97, 422,

460, 484

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), 8, 33, 171, 193, 210, 226

Lipoprotein(s), 25, 28, 98, 475, 532 (a), 155

apoB-containing, 30–31

components and classification, 122–123 in insulin-resistant states 205–228 metabolism, 495

native, 77 Lipoteichoic acid, 260 Lipotoxicity, 215

Lipoxygenase (LOX), 500 15-, 483, 526 5-, 485

inhibitors, 225 Liver

cells, 508 dysfunction, 386 receptor homolog-1, 7

X receptor (LXR), 3, 10, 12, 40, 96, 227 α (LXRα), 33, 196

Long terminal repeat (LTR), 100 Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in

Ischemic Disease Study Group (LIPID), 208

Lovastatin, 524

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), 121, 151, 415, 475, 500, 520

LOX-1

expression, 261–262 gene, 83, 261

LpX vesicles, 27, 31 LRH-1, 192 Luciferase, 341 Luminal stenosis, 436 LXR

-α, 196 activators, 191

-RXR agonists, 100 pathway, 96

Ly49A transgenic mice, 400

564 Index

Lymphocyte(s), 399, 477 proliferation, 505

Lyn, 77 Lynglycolipids, 76

Lysine residues, 478, 521 Lysophosphatidic acid, 479 Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, 124 Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), 24, 479,

521–522 Lysophospholipids, 72 Lysosomes, 8–9

M

Macrophage(s), 151, 247, 385, 397, 420, 459 ABCA1 and atherosclerosis, 104–106 ApoE and atherosclerosis, 100–104 cholesterol efflux pathways, 94 colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF),

252, 458

foam cell, 252–253, 266 scavenger receptor

A (MSR-A), 257, 260, 264 -1 (SR-A), 70, 74–76

Macrophage lipoxygenase, 478 Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK)

cells, 61

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I specific receptor, 400

Malondialdehyde (MDA), 253, 521 4-hydroxynonenal, 478

Malvidin, 480

MAP, 205–206, 213–214 MAP kinase(s), 260

cascade, 225

pathway, 212, 214, 220 MAP/ERK kinase (MEK), 214 Marek’s disease virus, 415 Marijuana, 461

Mast cells, 398–399, 458–459

MAT 1A, 333

MAT 2A, 333

MAT III, 338 MAT mRNA, 341 Matrix

components, 398 depletion, 459

metalloproteases (MMPs), 73, 253, 261, 288, 414, 422, 502

turnover, 455

McArdle RH7777, 132, 341

MCP, see Monocyte, chemoattractant protein MCP-1

homocysteine-induced expression of, 362 expression, 262, 380, 385–386

receptor, 252 Mediterranean diet, 476 Mental retardation, 359

Metabolic dyslipidemia, 207–212, 216–217, 222–228

Metabolic syndrome, 32, 168, 175, 207, 222, 286, 308

Metabolism, 170 homocysteine, 333–336

Metalloproteinases, 459 Metformin, 347

adenosyltransferase (MAT), 333, 343 cycle, 333, 335, 338

Methionine, 343 metabolism, 334, 336–338

synthase (MS), 335, 345, 359 Methotrexate, 346 Methyglyoxal, 249

“Methyl trap,” 345 Methylation demand, 338–341 Methylcob(III)alamin, 345 Methylcobalamin, 359

N5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate, 335 N5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase

(MTHFR), 335, 338, 359 Methylglyoxal, 250, 253, 258, 267, 308–315 N5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, 335, 338 Methyltransferases, 334, 338, 339 Mevalonate, 157

pathway, 97 MGAT, 135 Micelles, mixed, 11 Microemboli, 477

Microsomal carnitine acyltransferase, 129–130 Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein

(MTP), 133–134, 205, 210, 223 Microsomes, 130, 136 Mitogen-activated kinases (MAK), 263

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), 77, 83, 205, 213, 501; see also MAP

Mitogenesis, 480 mLDL, 72, 75

MMP-1 overexpression, 460 Molecular targeting hypothesis, 366

Monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT), 129

Monoacylglycerols, (MG) 2-, 124

pathway, 129 Monoclonal antibodies, 535

Monocyte(s), 152, 361, 398, 420–425, 501, 508

chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), 156, 288, 417, 442, 480, 520

Monocyte(s) (Continued ) colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), 520 infiltration and differentiation, 72 peripheral blood, 386

Monogenic disorders, 26–27 Monooxygenase, 500

Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 506, 532, 546

MTHFR

677TT polymorphism, 330 mutations, 345

Mtp gene, 134, 223, 225

Multiple risk factor intervention trial, 24 Mutagenesis, targeted, 57

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 423

Myeloid differentiation factor (MyD88), 458 Myeloperoxidase, 310, 478, 483, 526 Myocardial infarction (MI), 72, 174, 284,

316, 358, 424, 480, 523 Myocarditis, 420 Myocardium, 508

α-Myosin, 423

Myointimal hyperplasia, 444 Myotoxicity, 158

N

N-acetylcysteine (NAC), 312, 484 NADPH oxidase, 478, 483, 500 Nascent HDL particles, 40, 47

NASH, see Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis National Cholesterol Education Program

Adult Treatment Panel III, 168–169, 176, 178

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 418

Natural killer (NK) cells, 397–398, 404–405 and experimental atherosclerosis, 399–400 T (NKT) cells, 397–399, 405

in linking innate and acquired immune systems, 401–403

nCEH, see Neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase

Necrosis, 457 Necrotic cells, 415 Necrotic core, 288–289

Neimann-Pick type C gene, 98

Neisseria meningitidis, 260 Neoangiogenesis, 463 Neomycin gene cassette, 59 Neonatal cardiac myocytes, 508 Neovascularization, 458 Nephropathy, 267–268, 295 Nerve growth factors, 10 Neuropathy, 267

Index 565

Neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase (nCEH), 11

Neutrophils, 156, 485, 508

NF-κB, see Nuclear factor kappa B activation, 77–79, 82, 266, 362, 380–384

Niacin, 347

Niemen-Pick disease type C gene, 457 Nitric oxide (NO), 439–440, 475, 495, 530 Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), 435–436,

440–444, 446, 497 L-Nitroarginine (L-NA), 442 S-Nitrosylation, 343 3-Nitrotyrosine, 363

NK cells, see Natural killer cells Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD),

221–222

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), 219, 221–222

Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 285

Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, 287 Norepinephrine, 481 Normoglycemia, 249 Normolipidemia, 228

NPC disease, 98

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), 260, 293, 388, 422, 484

Nuclear factor Y (NF-Y), 226, 366 Nuclear pore proteins, 291

Nuclear receptors (NRs), 189, 191, 218 NZW rabbit, 442

O

Obesity, 122, 196, 205–211, 217–222, 287, 293, 414, 458

Occlusive coronary artery atherosclerosis, 58 Oleate, 134

Oleic acid, 506, 532, 546 OLR1, 81

Omega-3 (C20:5), 482 O-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), 291 Orlistat, 15

Orphan nuclear receptors (NR), 191 ARP1, 7

Osteoporosis, 359, 386

Otsuka Long-Evans Toskushima fatty rat model, 224

Oxidative markers, 31

Oxidative stress, 150, 157, 222, 305, 383, 476, 500, 531

AGEs and, 311–313 atherosclerosis and, 442–443 homocysteine-induced, 363 on intracellular signaling, 440

566 Index

Oxidatively modified low-density lipoproteins, see oxLDL

oxLDL, 10, 29, 72, 259, 478, 495, 500, 502 thrombosis and, 150–159

antigens, 152 autoantibodies, 255

α-Oxoaldehydes, 266 oxPC, 535

Oxysterol(s), 96, 187, 191, 218; see also specific compounds

nuclear receptors, 138

P

P selectin, 480 p21ras, 260 p38, 214, 260

mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), 80, 484

p38 kinase, 225 PAF-AH activity, 30 PAI-1, 157–158, 291 Palm oil, 28 Palmitate, 505

Palmitic acid, blood level of, 548 Pancreatic β-cells, 211, 287 Paraoxonase (PON), 54, 482

1 (PON1), 29

Parkinson’s disease, 338–339, 347, 365 PCAM-1, 288

PDGF-β receptor, 417 PDI, 292

PDZK1, 61 KO mice, 60

Pemt gene, 130 PEMT, 131

null mice, 130 pathway, 340 Penicillamine, 347

PEPCK1, 33

Perforin, 399

Perilipin, 457

Periodontal disease, 418–419 Peripheral arterial disease, 476 Peripheral nerve dysfunction, 286 Peripheral vascular disease, 156, 358 PERK, 292

Peroxidase, 508

Peroxides, 253

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, see PPARs

Peroxisome(s), 131

Peroxynitrite, 152, 310, 315, 363, 384, 388, 500

Peroxynitrous acid, 315

PEST sequence, 47, 97 Phagocytes, mononuclear, 519–520

3-Phenacyl-4, 5-dimethylthiazolium chloride, 268, 295

N-Phenacylthiazolium bromide (PTB), 268

Phenylpropanedione, 268

Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), 205, 213

Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (PAPH), 124, 127

Phosphatidic acid (PA), 124 Phosphatidylcholine (PC), 24, 130, 329,

339, 521 Phosphatidylcholine phospholipase

C (PC-PLC), 46 Phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), 130,

257, 339 Phosphatidylethanolamine

N-methyltransferase (PEMT), 130, 339 Phosphatidylinositol, 7, 14 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3-K), 83,

205, 212, 220, 260, 484 Phosphatidylserine (PS), 41 Phosphocholine, 130

Phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT), 130

Phosphodiesterase, 486 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

(PEPCK), 194 Phospholipase(s), 5

A2, 486

C, phosphatidylcholine-specific, 5, 42 D, phosphatidylcholine-specific, 5

Phospholipid(s), 5, 40, 261, 334, 547, 550 3′-, 213

efflux, 45–46

transfer protein (PLTP), 26 Phospholipid flippase, 43 Phosphotyrosines, 6 Phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatases

(PTPases), 213 Physician’s Health Study, 177 PKB/Akt pathways, 56 PKC-β, 82, 262

PKR like ER kinase (PERK), 364–366 Plaque, 414

erosion, 461

formation, 419, 422–423 growth, 446 inflammation, 458

in thrombosis, 460 neovascularity, 455, 457 phenotype, 462–463

Plaque (Continued )

rupture, 72–73, 94, 455–463 stabilization, 462–463 vulnerability, 455–458

Plasma homocysteine, 336–337, 341–343 Plasmin, 154, 459

Plasminogen, 154, 459 activator (uPA), 459

activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), 154–155, 157–158, 422

Plasmodium falciparum, 261 Platelet-activating factor, 480

factor-1 (PAF-1), 498

Platelet activating factor acylhydrolase (PAF-AH), 28, 54

Platelet activation, 151, 461 Platelet-associated vascular hemorrhage,

504

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), 479, 503

PLP, 343 Pneumonia, 420 Polymorphisms, 443

Polyol pathway, 249, 289 Polyphenolics, 534

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 32, 478, 506–508, 532, 546

Polyunsaturated phospholipids, 482 PON1

activity, 30 arylesterase activity, 31

Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pgn), 413, 418–419

Postendoplasmic reticulum presecretory proteolysis (PERPP) process, 532

Postheparin lipase activity assay, 33 Postprandial lipemia, 222, 227 PPAR, 3, 12, 96, 138, 227

-α, 7–14, 96, 192, 219, 266 KO mice, 219

agonists, 7, 14, 138, 209, 463 γ, 96, 215, 219

agonists, 97, 138, 209, 265–266 coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha), 218

δ agonists, 96–97 Prediabetes, 286 Preeclampsia, 311

Pregnane X receptor (PXR), 189 Pressor stimuli, 461 Proanthocyanidines, 484 Proapoptotic gene p53, 461 Probucol, 58

Procoagulant proteins, 288 Proliferating SMCs, 477

Index 567

Proliferator activated receptor, 3 Prooxidant, 533

Propionyl CoA, 336 Prostacyclin(s), 153, 437–440, 481,

498–500, 508 metabolites, 505

Prostaglandin(s) H, 498

I2, 547

Protease(s)

site-1 (S1P), 220, 365 site-2 (S2P), 220, 365

Protein(s)

C, 155, 157, 368, 383 glycation, 247 homocysteinylation, 332 pathway, 154

receptor, 462 S, 155

S-APC complex, 153

Protein disulphide isomerase, 364 Protein kinase, 501

A (PKA), 5, 45, 61, 97

C (PKC), 5, 46, 76, 83, 211, 249, 293, 501 Cα (PKCα) signaling pathway, 97

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTK), 76

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B), 205, 214, 221

Proteoglycans, 10, 174, 255, 459, 477, 479 Proteolysis, 47, 521

Psammomys obesus, 211 P-selectin, 57, 156, 288, 293 Psoriasis, 346

PTP-1B KO mice, 214 PTPase, 214

PXR, 192, 196 “Pyridorin,” 268 Pyridoxal, 329

5′-phosphate (PLP), 335, 347 phosphate, 267, 359

Pyridoxamine, 268, 295 Pyridoxine deficiency, 381 Pyruvate, 309

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, 336

Q

Quebec Cardiovascular Study, 174, 177

Quercetin, 480, 482–483, 485–486

R

Rac, 158

RAGE-null mice, 260

Ramipril, 158

Rap, 158

568 Index

Ras, 158 RAW cells, 80

R-BI KO mice, 60

RCT, see Reverse cholesterol transport Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), 522 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 484, 495,

500, 522

Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), 259–265, 267, 295–296, 310

Red wine, 475 Related protein, 3

Remethylation pathway, 359, 381–382 Renal failure, 286, 441

Renal function, impaired, 381 Renal insufficiency, 34, 341 Renin-angiotensin system, 158 Resistin, 216–217

Restrain stress, 157 Resveratrol, 480–481, 484–486 Retention factor, 220

Retinal, 267 Retinoic acid, 7

Retinoid X receptor (RXR), 7, 12, 96, 191

Retinopathy, 286

Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), 7–14, 23, 39, 93, 218

HDL-dependent, 59 initiation of, 96

pathway, 13, 24–25, 27, 40, 47, 54 Rheumatoid arthritis, 346

Rho, 5, 158, 260

Rimonabant, 463 RNA, 334 Rosiglitazone, 226, 265 Rouleaux, 26, 29 Roxithromycin, 424 RTP, 365

Russel’s viper venom, 460 Ryanodine receptor, type 2, 314

S

S100 proteins, 259, 265 S100/calgranulin epitopes, 264, 296 S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), 130,

334, 338

S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM), 130, 329, 333, 338–339

“Sand rat,” 211 SAPK/JNK, 260 Sarcosine, 334

Scarb1, 57, 59

SCARB3, 77

Scavenger receptors (SR), 151, 257, 260–262, 288, 417, 503

class B type I, see SR-BI Schiff base, 249

Selectin

E-, 57, 156, 288, 361, 386, 478, 506 P-, 57, 156, 288, 293, 480

Selenocysteine, 369

incorporation sequence (SECIS), 369 Sepsis, 260

Septic shock, 343 Serine-threonine kinases, 214 Serotonin, 480

Serum amyloid A (SAA), 56, 80 Shear stress, 315

Shp gene, 192

Sickle cell anemia, 156 Signaling, 70, 74

factors, 291

Silent plaque rupture, 461 Simvastatin, 158

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), 10, 13

Sinusitis, 420

Site-1 protease (S1P), 365 Site-2 protease (S2P), 365

Small dense low-density lipoproteins, 168–179, 207

Small PDZK1-associated protein (SPAP), 60–62

SMC migration, 72

Smoking, 175, 307, 337, 418, 458

Smooth muscle cells (SMC), 151, 295, 361, 421, 459, 476

Sorbitol, 266, 289–290 Sp1, transcription factor, 7 Sphingomyelin, 46 Sphingomyelinase, 42

Sphingosine-1-phosphate, 56 SR-A, 288

SR-BI, 8–14, 70, 74, 79–81, 261 atherosclerosis and, 53–59 deficiency, 57

expression, 95

knockout (KO) mice, 57–62 overexpression, 59

protein, hepatic, regulation of expression, 60–61

SR-BI/apoE double KO mice, 58 SR-BIatt/LDL receptor KO mice, 59 SREBP, 6–7, 33, 193, 293, 365, 387

-1a, 138, 220

-1c, 194, 205, 220–221, 223 -2, 220

SREBP (Continued )

cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), 220 pathway, 218

Stanford Five Cities Project, 174–177 StAR, see Steroidogenic acute regulatory

protein

Statins, 93, 150, 157–158, 178, 209 Stearic acid, 504–505, 550

Stearoyl CoA-desaturase (SCD), 97, 133, 221 Steatohepatitis, 222

Steatosis, 134, 218–219, 221, 456, 461–462 Steroidogenesis, 11

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), 11

Steroids, 152, 336, 443 Sterol(s), 7

homeostasis, 98, 218

regulatory element binding proteins, see SREBP

response elements (SRE), 220, 225–226 Streptozotocin (STZ), 220, 264, 287, 289,

342 Stress (es)

circumferential, 457 endoplasmic reticulum, 291–293 hemodynamic, 459

myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, 456 oxidative, 31, 150, 152

restrain, 157

Stroke, 71, 121, 288, 307, 316, 358, 455 Substance P, 437

Succinyl CoA, 336 Superoxide dismutase, 508 Superoxide, 363

Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), 369 “Syndrome X”, 208, 308

Syrian golden hamster model, 211 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 153 Systemic thrombogenicity, 461

Systemic vascular resistance, 446

T

T cell(s), 71–72, 425, 458–459 activation, 436

death associated gene 51 (TDAG51), 365 receptor (TCR), 401

T lymphocytes, 288, 362, 397–405, 414, 479, 502

Tachycardia, 437

Tacrolimus, 448

Tangier disease, 40, 44, 46, 96, 100 patients with, 5

Tannic acid, 480 Targeted mutation, 60

Index 569

Taurine, 336 Tenascin-C, 459 Testosterone esters, 337

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), 61, 136, 314–315, 440, 500

TF, 288, 362, 419, 460, 480 expression, 262 secretion, 422

TG, 121, 124–129, 193–194 accumulation, 217, 257 lipolysis, 135, 137–138, 171 metabolism, 122

TG lipase, 135

TGF, see Transforming growth factor TGH, see Triacylglycerol hydrolase Thapsigargin, 370

Theophylline, 347

Thiazolidinediones, 209–210, 217, 219, 226 Thiobarbituric acid, 483

-reacting substance (TBARS), 534 Thiol(s), 305, 369

protease inhibitors, 47 THP-1 cells, 46, 76, 97, 386 Thrombi, 506

Thrombin(s), 156, 486, 498–499 generation, 460

α-, 368 Thrombocytes, 486 Thrombogenicity, 461

Thrombomodulin, 153, 156, 462, 499 α-Thrombonin, 484

Thrombosis, 71, 151, 362, 475, 485, 504

and plaque rupture, molecular mechanisms of, 455–463

Thrombospondin, 77, 261 Thromboxane (TX), 505, 547

A2, 153, 480, 498, 508 A3, 508

Thrombus, 480

Thyroid hormone (T3), 97 Thyroxin, 342

Tissue factor, see TF

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), 153, 156, 158

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), 459

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 154–158, 499

TLR, see Toll-like receptor

TNF-α, see Tumor necrosis factor-α α-Tocopherol, 54, 258

Tolbutamide, 129

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-2 and 4), 78–79, 422, 458

570 Index

Torcetrapib, 14

“Total plasma homocysteine” (tHcy), 332 TRAF2, 370

Transcription factor(s), 193, 196, 291, 365, 380, 387

AP1, 7

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFα and β), 291, 458, 484, 503

Transketolase, 266

Transplant arteriopathy, 435, 444–447 Transplant arteriosclerosis, 445 Transplant coronary artery disease, 441 Transplant endothelial dysfunction, role of

CMV in, 445–446 Transretinoic acid, 7 Transsexuals, 336–337

Transsulfuration pathway, 335, 341–344, 359, 381–382

Transthyretin, 367–368

Triacylglycerol hydrolase (TGH), 136–138 Triamcinolone, 341

Triglycerides, 133–134, 169, 174, 207, 222

Trisomy 21, 345 Tromso study, 330 Trypsin, 459 Tryptase, 458–459

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 76, 156, 255, 383, 414, 478, 507

Tunica media, 398 Tunicamycin, 370 Tyrosine, 531

phosphorylation, 501 Tyrosine kinase, 501

U

Ubiquitin, 97

Ulceration, 307

Unfolded protein response (UPR), 291, 363–366

United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), 248

Uremia, 27

Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), 76, 154

V

Vα14

NKT cells, 402, 404 T cells, 402

Vα14/Vα receptor, 404 Vα3.2-Jα9, 402

Vascular alterations in transplant arteriopathy, 436

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), 57, 156, 361, 417–422, 478, 502, 522

Vascular dementia, 177 Vascular disease(s)

ADMA and, 443–444 LDL size and, 176–177

Vascular endothelium, 480–481, 496 Vascular homeostasis, 439, 496 Vascular inflammation, 436 Vascular lesion formation, 446

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), 288, 293, 437, 475, 479, 498

Vascular tone, 439 Vascular wall, 61–62 Vasculopathy, 267

Vasoconstriction, 437, 439, 445 Vasodilation, 441

Vasodilator substances, 439 Vasopressor infusion, 461 VCAM, 288

-1 expression, 262–263 Vegetable fat, 550 Venom, Russel’s viper, 460 Venous thrombosis, 359

Very low-density lipoprotein, see VLDL Vessel injury, 71

Veterans Administration High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial (VAHIT), 209

VFVNFA motif, 45 Viral infections, 446 Visna virus, 100 Vitamin(s)

B12, 329, 337, 359, 381 B6, 267–268, 316, 337, 359

deficiency, 381 metabolism, 347

C, 305, 310, 316–318 D receptor, 189, 196 deficiency, 343–344

E, 54, 305, 310, 316–318 VLDL, 7, 29–33, 54, 121, 155, 482

assembly, 132, 135, 137, 211, 222–223 lipids, 8

overproduction, 205, 210 production, 224 receptors, 193

secretion, 123–124, 133, 137, 226 subclasses of, 170

triglycerides, 134

von Willebrand factor (vWF), 156–157 VSMC, see also Vascular smooth muscle cells

apoptosis, 440 growth, 310

W

Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbit model, 210, 521

Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, 311–312, 314–315 World Health Organization (WHO), 206 World Hypertension League, 306

X

Xanthine oxidase, 500

Index 571

X-box binding protein-1 (XBP-1), 365 Xenical, 15

Y

Yeast, 338

Yes, 77

Z

Zucker rats, 210