биохимия атеросклероза
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mouse peritoneal macrophages leads to the depletion of ER calcium stores and leads to UPR activation and apoptotic cell death [131]. Furthermore, it was recently shown that there is an association between free cholesterol accumulation, apoptotic cell death and ER stress in advanced atherosclerotic lesions from apoE-deficient mice [132]. Answers to these and other important questions will enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which HHcy atherothrombotic disease and its clinical outcomes.
Acknowledgments: D. W. Jacobsen is a recipient of a grant to support homocysteine research (HL52234) from the National Institutes of Health. R.C. Austin is a Career Investigator of the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario and is supported by Research Grants from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario (T5385) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-67116, MOP-74477). We apologize to many of our colleagues whose work could not be directly acknowledged due to space limitations.
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Biochemistry of Atherosclerosis edited by S.K. Cheema, Springer, New York, 2006
17
Molecular and Biochemical
Mechanisms of
Hyperhomocysteinemia-Induced
Cardiovascular Disorders
KARMIN O, YAW L. SIOW, PATRICK C. CHOY, AND GRANT M. HATCH
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia, an elevation of homocysteine (Hcy) levels in the blood, is regarded as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disorders due to atherosclerosis. It is estimated that up to 40% of patients diagnosed with premature coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, or recurrent venous thrombosis are present with hyperhomocysteinemia. Monocyte infiltration into the subendothelial space in the arterial wall and later differentiation into macrophages are important initial steps in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a potent chemokine that stimulates monocyte migration into the intima of arterial walls. MCP-1 exerts its action mainly through the interaction with the C–C chemokine receptor (CCR2) on the surface of monocytes. The expression of MCP-1 and other inflammatory factors in atherosclerotic lesions can be upregulated by the transcription factor, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Results from in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that Hcy-induced MCP-1 expression in vascular cells together with increased CCR2 expression in monocytes may represent a mechanism for Hcyenhanced monocyte infiltration into the arterial wall during atherogenesis. Hcyinduced oxidative stress appears to contribute to increased inflammatory reactions in vascular cells. Epidemiological and laboratory studies also indicate that hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for disorders that involve not only cardiovascular system but also other organs. Here we review recent studies on the Hcy-induced endothelial dysfunction, chemokine expression in vascular cells, the involvement of oxidative stress, and the role of NF-κB activation in gene expression. The impact of hyperhomocysteinemia on liver and kidney is also discussed.
Keywords: atherosclerosis; chemokine; cholesterol; homocysteine; oxidative stress
Abbreviations: Hcy, homocysteine; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NF-κB, nuclear fac- tor-κB; CBS, cystathionine β-synthase; IκB, inhibitory protein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; CCR2, C–C chemokine receptor; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A; SREBP, sterol regulatory element binding protein
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