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4. Answer the questions.

  1. What is the judicial system connected with?

  2. What kind of institutions are there in all legal systems?

  3. What is the role of each court?

  4. When can a person appeal to a higher court?

  5. May all the courts sit as courts of the first instance?

Task VI

1. Read and translate the text. Courts in Russia

  1. constitutional court - суд, существующий по установлению конституции

  2. ensure = insure - гарантировать, обеспечивать

  3. normative act = standard act нормативный акт

  4. to consider laws – рассматривать законы

  5. to pass laws – принимать законы

  6. supreme [su:΄pri:m] – верховный, высший

  7. legislative branch - законодательная власть

  8. The Supreme Court – Верховный суд

  9. judicial body - судебный орган

  10. court practice – судебная практика

  11. legal case - судебное дело, судебный прецедент

  12. try a case - рассматривать дело в суде

  13. arbitration court = court of jurisdiction - третейский суд, арбитражный

  14. settle = settle up - урегулировать, разрешить (спор, конфликт) ; положить конец (разногласиям)

  15. dispute [di΄spju:t] – (судебное) разбирательство, спор

  16. district court - 1) федеральный суд; 2) окружной суд

  17. in public - открыто, публично

  18. trial - судебный процесс

  19. prosecutor [′prͻsikju:tə] -1) а) обвинитель, прокурор; Syn: accuser; б) истец; Syn: plaintiff

  20. plaintiff – истец; Syn: complainant, prosecutor

  21. defendant - ответчик; обвиняемый, подсудимый

The Constitutional Court ensures that the laws and other normative acts are constitutional. Laws and normative acts are passed or considered by the supreme and local legislative branches.

The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body for civil, criminal, business and other cases. It has the power to supervise the activities of all the judicial bodies of the state. It interprets the issues of court practice. It tries the most important criminal and civil cases and hears appeals.

The Supreme Arbitration Court is the highest judicial body. The Court settles economic disputes and other cases examined by courts of arbitration.

The basic judicial body is the district court. District courts try both criminal and civil cases.

In all courts cases are tried in public. The participants in a trial are the prosecutor, lawyers, the plaintiff, the judge, the defendant, and others.

The hearing of cases in closed session is allowed only in exceptional cases. Closed sessions are only allowed if it is in the interests of both sides or for the necessity to keep state secrets.

Trial without participation of both sides is not allowed. The judges are independent and they must obey the law.

2. Read the text once again to find the answers to the questions.

a. What is the role of each court?

b. Who passes and considers laws?

c. What is the basic judicial body of state?

d. What are the participants of the trial?

e. When is trial not allowed?

3. These words from the text can be verbs or nouns. Read the text and decide which they are:

act practice appeal dispute trial judge interest

Task VII