- •Английский язык для студентов экономических факультетов университетов
- •Авторский коллектив: г. И. Коротких, Гал. И. Коротких, н. Э. Бирман, о. А. Гизатулина, о. В. Калиш, н. В. Тунева
- •Предисловие
- •Методические рекомендации по изучению английского языка студентами-экономистами
- •1. Цели и задачи курса
- •2. Чтение как основное коммуникативное умение
- •3. Форма и смысл грамматической конструкции
- •It was supposed that he would write an article on
- •4. Единицы несоответствия в английском и русском языках
- •I wanted him to explain the term macroeconomics.
- •I saw him pay by credit card.
- •5. Методика работы над текстом
- •6. Британский или американский английский?
- •Text a The English We Learn
- •Грамматический обзор 1
- •Утверждения (statements)
- •Общие вопросы (general questions)
- •Специальные вопросы (special questions)
- •Грамматический обзор 2
- •2 ) Have has/ has got/ have/ have got Present Simple Tense
- •Примечания:
- •Expressing Agreement and Disagreement
- •Greetings and Introductions
- •Introductory Note
- •Text b
- •International words.
- •Varieties of English
- •Young Britons avoid learning languages
- •Culture and intercultural communication
- •British and American English
- •Independent reading:
- •Text a The Subject-matter of Economics
- •General questions (общие вопросы)
- •Short answers (краткие ответы)
- •Full answers (полные ответы)
- •Special questions (специальные вопросы)
- •Грамматический обзор 2
- •Likes and Dislikes
- •Preferences
- •Грамматический обзор 4
- •1. Working in pairs discuss the following questions under the headings I – III.
- •2. Give a talk in class on the topic “The Subject-matter of
- •I. Economics and Society
- •II. The subject-matter of economics
- •III. Economic systems
- •Text b University Life in Russia and in Great Britain
- •1) Facilities for studies at your university,
- •2) Subjects you consider to be the most important for
- •3) An ideal curriculum for a faculty of economics.
- •Project work 1
- •Project work 2
- •Independent reading
- •Colleges and University Colleges in the usa
- •A Student in Economics
- •Independent reading:
- •1. Study carefully the meanings of the following words and phrases in bold type from text a to avoid any difficulty in understanding.
- •Passive Voice
- •Ruined Holiday
- •Грамматический обзор 2
- •Grammar in context: Student profile
- •Text b global brands
- •Грамматический обзор 3 Read grammar guide 3 for practicing and developing study skills to cope with difficulties of reading English grammar textbooks.
- •Grammar in context Present simple and present continuous
- •Making Requests
- •Refusing a Request
- •Accepting a Request
- •Expressing Personal Opinions or Personal Points of View
- •Study Notes on Developing Reading Skills
- •1. Previewing.
- •2. Highlighting.
- •3. Annotating.
- •Independent reading
- •Consumerism as an unfortunate by-product of global market economy
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary notes
- •New terms from the last global recession
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Advertising
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Figures, numbers and calculations
- •1. Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers
- •1. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •2. Choose English equivalents from the box below
- •2. Calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
- •3. Vulgar Fractions (AmE - Common Fractions)
- •4. Decimal Fractions (Decimals)
- •6. Sums of Money
- •Numerical, statistical or graphical data
- •In economics
- •Text a Statistics and Econometrics
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Text b Tabular and graphical data (Reading for vocabulary building)
- •T here are different types of diagrams:
- •Some advice on describing (orally or in writing) diagrams/charts/graphs
- •Independent reading
- •Introductory Note
- •Economy of the United States (Reading for statistical and numerical data)
- •Table of numerical data (the first has been filled in for you)
- •Phrase bank
- •Travelling to Work in Britain (Presenting a survey results)
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Independent reading:
- •Text a Central Banks and Monetary Policy
- •The Infinitive
- •Функции инфинитива:
- •Grammar in context Gerund or infinitive?
- •Text b Bank Accounts and Cheques
- •Study Notes on Summary Writing
- •Credit cards
- •Vocabular notes
- •Checklist for writing a summary (based on the article Credit Cards)
- •Independent reading
- •Introduction
- •A General History of Money
- •1. Barter exchange and commodity money
- •2. Coins and Paper Money
- •3. Fiat Money
- •4. Fiat Money – Toilet Paper Money
- •Money and Banking (a short historical survey)
- •Vocabulary notes
- •I. Changing the way the pound is measured.
- •Independent reading
- •Text a Company Share Capital
- •Word formation and vocabulary building practice
- •1. Synthetical forms
- •2. The Past Perfect Subjunctive (эта форма омонимична The Past Perfect Tense)
- •3. Analytical forms
- •Grammar in context 1 First and second conditional
- •Grammar in context 2 The third conditional
- •I will return your book on economics I have read it.
- •1. In what way is ownership in a company certified? What do you call people who own shares and stocks?
- •Reading for professional vocabulary text b
- •Text b Business Organizations and Stock Markets
- •Translate into English making use if prompts in the box Рынки сырьевых товаров
- •Asian Crisis Affects Latin American Markets
- •Independent reading
- •Nouriel Roubini: The Economist Who Foresaw the Global Financial Crisis
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Introduction
- •1. Market instability
- •3. The housing market declined
- •4. The credit well dried up
- •5. The Economic bailout is designed to increase the flow of credit
- •Taxation
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Статистика по переводам (xtr, сп и pe) :
- •Contents
The Infinitive
-
Active
Passive
Indefinite
(to) do
(to) be done
Continuous
(to) be doing
-
Perfect
(to) have done
(to) have been done
Perfect Continuous
(to) have been doing
-
Функции инфинитива:
подлежащее (the subject of the sentence)
To own a company is a great responsibility. |
Владеть фирмой – большая ответственность. |
дополнение (object)
The bank began to take deposits. |
Банк начал принимать вклады. |
часть сложного дополнения (complex object)
Конструкция сложное дополнение имеет следующую формулу:
want/wish/expect +
Noun/Pronoun + to-Infinitive
А
see/hear/observe/notice
+ Noun/Pronoun + Infinitive/Ving
В
Обратите внимание на то, что после глаголов “желания” (want, wish, expect etc.) употребляется инфинитив с частицей to, после глаголов “восприятия” (видеть – see, слышать – hear, наблюдать – observe) используется инфинитив без частицы to либо причастие настоящего времени (Ving).
Конструкция называется “сложным дополнением”, потому что в состав дополнения входят как существительное (или местоимение), так и инфинитив (или причастие настоящего времени).
Обратите также внимание на перевод этой конструкции на русский язык и на то, что эта конструкция не имеет прямого эквивалента в русском языке.
The teacher wanted the students/them to translate the text. |
Преподаватель хотел, чтобы студенты/они перевели текст. |
The teacher saw the students/them translate/translating the text |
Преподаватель видел как студенты/они перевели/переводили текст.
|
предикативная часть составного сказуемого (predicative)
The key to any money laundering scheme is to get the money into legitimate bank accounts. |
Главное в любой схеме по отмыванию денег – поместить незаконно приобретенные деньги на законный банковский счет. |
определение (attribute)
The creditors of a bankrupt limited company have no right to pursue the owners for the company’s unpaid debts.
|
Кредиторы обанкротившейся компании с ограниченной ответственностью не имеют права преследовать по закону владельцев такой компании за неоплаченные долги (кредиты). |
обстоятельство цели или результата (adverbial modifier of purpose/result)
She stopped to talk to the teacher about the test. |
Она остановилась, чтобы (ЦЕЛЬ) поговорить с преподавателем об экзамене/ контрольной работе. |
Every major stock market around the world has at least one index which is used to represent the stock market as a whole.
|
У каждой крупной фондовой биржи в мире есть, по крайней мере, один индекс (курсов ценных бумаг), который используется, чтобы представлять эту фондовую биржу.
|
International companies very often combine to turn into a monopoly. |
Международные компании очень часто объединяются и в результате этого превращаются в монополию. |
7) часть сложного подлежащего (complex subject).
complex
subject
H
predicate (сказуемое) i
= It is believed that he has read this book in English.
|
Полагают/ считают, что он прочитал эту книгу на английском. |
Central banks are known to often use the reserve requirements to control money supply. |
Известно, что центральные банки часто используют механизм резервных требований для контроля за денежной массой. |
Примечание 1
Конструкция «сложное подлежащее» часто используется с глаголами:
is said to… – говорят, что…
is heard to… – слышно, что…
is seen to … – видно, что…
is known to … – известно, что…
is reported to… – сообщают, что…
is expected to …– ожидают, что..
is believed to … – полагают, что…
is considered to … – считают, что…
В этой конструкции часто употребляются глаголы:
to appear, to seem (казаться), to happen (случаться/происходить),
to prove (оказаться).
e.g. He is said to go to London. (Говорят, что он поедет в Лондон.)
e.g. Clyde was expected to arrive at the week-end. (Полагают, что Клайд прибудет в выходные.)
e.g. The delegation was reported to have arrived on Sunday. (Сообщили, что делегация прибыла в воскресенье.)
e.g. She appears to be very busy. (Кажется, она очень занята.)
e.g. We happened to meet them in the library. (Мы случайно встретили их в библиотеке.)
Примечание 2
Перфектные инфинитивы (to have written, to have been written, to have seen и т. д.) имеют то же значение, что и перфектные времена (Perfect Tenses), т. е., когда глагол употреблен в личной форме как глагол-сказуемое.
S |
Она сожалела, что пропустила две лекции по экономике предприятия. |
Примечание 3
Конструкция «сложное подлежащее» типична для официального стиля речи, она часто используется в газетных статьях и сообщениях.
Exercise 12. State the form and function of the infinitives. Translate the sentences into Russian. The first has been done for you.
There are many suggestions to simplify English by changing the spelling system. "to simplify" – Indefinite Infinitive Active, функция определения. |
Существует немало предложений, как сделать английский язык более доступным для изучения, изменив систему правописания. |
1. There were many suggestions to simplify English by changing the
spelling system.
2. The Russian learners of English, especially those who plan to go to the USA to study or pursue a specific career goal, must be warned against possible misunderstandings due to differences in Britain and American English.
3. I’m sorry to have taken so much of your time.
4. Love is said to be blind.
5. To go on with this business is to waste time.
6. The company uses computers to do its accounts.
7. This is an order to the bank to pay money to someone from his account.
8. It is impossible for this cheque to be paid into any bank account other than that of the named payee.
9. The developing and relatively poor countries are said to make up the Third World.
10. Here are the articles to be translated by Monday.
11 The most effective way for a central bank to control the economy is to increase or decrease bank lending and bank deposits.
12. Debtor countries borrowed even more money to pay for the increased cost of oil and debt payments.
13. I will have finished my work by 7 o’clock.
14. They expected the delegation to arrive the next day.
15. The company was reported to have made big losses the previous year.
16. Several Swiss banks were found to be facilitating the activities international drug traffickers in the 1980s.
17. When a bank is required to keep a certain amount of its funds on reserve with the central bank, it is unable to lend these funds back to customers.
18. To encourage research work, the degree of Bachelor of Science was set up in Oxford in 1895.
19. She was required to be interviewed.
20. Changes to the taxation system are expected to be proposed.

n
English.
he
was sorry to
have missed
two lectures on Economics of the Enterprise. = She was sorry
that she had
missed
two lectures on Economics of the Enterprise.