Грамматический обзор 2

Глагол-сказуемое предложения в простом настоящем времени и страдательном залоге (Simple Present, Passive Voice) показывает, что подлежащее предложения является объектом действия со стороны другого лица, предмета.

Форма страдательного залога образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в Simple Present в соответствующем лице и числе и причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle – V₃) смыслового глагола (см. грамматическую модель):

subject + am/is/are + V₃ (past participle + by (with) + object

Such texts are translated by my friend every day.

Такие тексты переводятся моим другом каждый день.

На русский язык предложения в страдательном залоге (пассиве) переводятся:

– при помощи глагола на – ся;

– при помощи краткой формы причастия (или глагола «быть» – в соответствующем времени, лице, числе);

при помощи неопределенно-личного предложения.

Active Voice	This bank pays interest of 6 % on savings. The government takes important economic decisions.	Этот банк выплачивает по сбережениям 6 % годового дохода. Правительство принимает важные экономические решения.
Passive Voice	Interest of 6 % is paid by this bank on savings. Important economic decisions are taken by the government.	Годовой доход в 6 % выплачивается этим банком по сбережениям. Важные экономические решения принимаются правительством.

Общая модель страдательного залога be + V₃ (Past Participle) может употребляться с модальными глаголами:

can – (выражает физическую возможность),

must – (выражает долженствование, обязанность),

may – (выражает предположение, вероятность, возможность)

These words must/can be translated into English.

Эти слова должны/могут быть переведены на английский.

can/may/must + be + V₃

Economic systems can be divided into three groups.

Экономические системы можно разделить на 3 группы. или Экономические системы могут быть разделены на 3 группы.

Если предложение в страдательном залоге начинается с вопросительного слова, то грамматическая модель приобретает следующий вид:

Question word + am/is/are + subject + V₃ + by (with) + object

Exercise 5. Make sentences (affirmative and interrogative) from the chart. Note the difference between regular participles (translated) and irregular participles (spoken).

A	B	C	D
The world’s resources This information These words English This article Mathematics These exercises The decision	is are can must may	be translated allocated written be done spoken used be stored be taken	in many countries. in class, not at home. to/for the production of many things. with capital letters. on computers. to examine complex economic problems. by Friday. by the manager.

Exercise 6. Make the following sentences passive.

1. Scientists divide economic systems into groups.

2. They store information on computers.

3. Economists analyse and predict economic events.

4. The factory employs 150 workers.

5. She does sums at school with a pocket computer.

Грамматический обзор 3

Причастие прошедшего времени (The Past Participle), являясь третьей формой английского глагола, обозначается символом V₃. Причастие прошедшего времени правильных (стандартных) глаголов образуется с помощью суффикса -ed, который прибавляется к основе глагола в форме инфинитива без частицы to. Причастия прошедшего времени неправильных глаголов образуются путем изменения гласной или согласной основы глагола:

write – written do – done

speak – spoken see – seen

spend – spent

Причастия прошедшего времени часто употребляются в различных функциях:

1) функции определения (например, в моделях V₃ + N, N + V₃ ) и переводятся на русский язык причастиями, оканчивающимися на –мый, -нный

Например: N + V₃

The money allocated to the production of this film is insufficient.

(Деньги, выделенные на производство этого фильма, недостаточны)

V₃ + N

It was a poorly-paid job. (Это была низкооплачиваемая работа)

2) как часть пассивной конструкции структурах be + V_3, can/may/must + be + V₃ .

3) как обстоятельство в структурах V₃ + subject, when/though + V₃ + N.

Exercise 7. Translate into Russian and define the type of the pattern and the function of the past participle (V₃).

1) the resources are allocated to the production of ...

2) the money allocated to the production of this film is insufficient

3) value added tax

4) the science concerned with economic systems is ...

5) much of our experience is related to economics

6) when interviewed he refused to answer the question about ...

7) the class divided into groups took part in ...

8) 15 divided by 3 is 5

9) (when) asked about his job the man didn’t answer

10) the decision taken by the manager is ...

11) the debt is to be paid off by Monday

12) a poorly-paid job

13) paid off debts

14) (though) exhausted by sleepless nights the student went on with his

calculations

15) courses are run throughout the year

16) a fully qualified teacher

17) he got involved in that business

Exercise 8. Work in pairs. Student A asks a WHY-question based on C, student B completes the answer choosing from D. The first has been done for you.

A: Why is economics connected with political science?

B: Economics is connected with political science because economists

are concerned with the organization of society.

C		D
Economics is connected with political science (engineering, psychology, law, history, statistics.)	because	the decisions that people take are affected by legal restrictions. current events are affected by past decisions. allocation of resources requires technical information on the ways in which resources can be used. economists want to answer questions that begin with “how large ...” and involve analysis of numerical information. economists are concerned with the organization of society. economists are concerned with the behaviour and decisions of individuals.

Exercise 9. Point out which of the words with the same root belong to N (noun), V (verb), Adj (adjective), Adv (adverb) classes. Be guided by suffixes as structural signals. Translate these words into Russian looking them up in a large English-Russian paper or electronic dictionary.

1) distribute – distributive – distribution – distributor

2) prediction – predict – predictable – predictability

3) determine – determination – determinative – determined – determinate – determinately

4) product – production – producer – productive – produce – productivity

Exercise 10. Match the following English word combinations from TEXT A with their Russian equivalents.

1) to deal with distribution 2) allocated resources 3) scarce resources 4) non-productive labour 5) to make/take decisions 6) to develop a theory 7) to create wealth 8) to affect the relationship between social classes 9) to result in long-term inefficiency 10) economic stagnation 11) economic events 12) to examine decisions

1) выделенные ресурсы 2) принимать решения 3) заниматься распределением 4) приводить в долгосрочном плане к низкой результативности 5) экономический застой 6) недостаточные ресурсы 7) разработать теорию 8) экономические явления 9) непроизводительный труд 10) рассматривать решения 11) наносить ущерб отношениям между общественными классами 12) создавать материальные ценности, богатства

Exercise 11. Translate into Russian in writing paying special attention to different usages of the word WAY.

1. The best way to begin doing this exercise is to consult the dictionary.

2. A country’s economic system is its way of organizing economic activities including the ways in which people come to specialize in particular tasks they do best.

3. By the way, do you know the difference between MICROECONOMICS and MACROECONOMICS?

4. I really liked the way she presented her report at the conference.

5. I am sure you translated the sentence in the wrong way.

6. The longest way round is the shortest way home. (Proverb)

7. Where there is a will, there is a way. (Proverb)

ECONOMICS and ECONOMY

When used as an uncountable noun ECONOMICS means “the scientific study of the way in which wealth is produced”.

e.g. Economics is a difficult science to master.

Compare: mathematics, statistics, linguistics.

When used in the meaning of “economic considerations” (экономические расчеты)

the word ECONOMICS takes only a plural verb or a pronoun in the plural.

e.g The economics of your plan are not carefully considered.

When used as a countable noun ECONOMY means “the system by which a country’s wealth is produced and used” (=экономика/экономическая система).

e.g. This country has a free-market economy.

e.g. Most of the countries in the region have unstable economies.

When ECONOMY is used in the meaning of “careful use of money” (= экономия, бережливость, хозяйственность) it can be both a countable and uncountable noun.

e.g. When a woman gets married, she usually begins to practise economy.

e.g. She is going to make a few economies this year.

Exercise 12. Translate into English in writing using the vocabulary of TEXT A and some English equivalents in brackets.

1. Экономика является общественной наукой, которая изучает поведение людей в сферах производства, потребления, распределения и обмена (to be concerned with/to deal with, behaviour of…, different fields of…, trade).

2. Экономисты анализируют экономические явления, объясняют их или на их основе делают экономические прогнозы. Наша повседневная жизнь и опыт связаны с экономикой (to explain, to make predictions, on the basis of…).

3. Адам Смит (1723–1790), основатель классической политической экономии, определил понятие экономической стоимости и исследовал распределение богатства между классами – рабочими, капиталистами и землевладельцами (the founder of…, to give the definition of…, value, to investigate, landowners).

4. Основная экономическая система в современном мире - рыночная экономика. Во многих отношениях мы являемся частью мировой экономики. Когда мы утром пьем импортный кофе или покупаем импортный DVD-плеер, мы становимся связанными с мировой экономикой, с международной торговлей и финансами (in many ways/respects …, part of…, imported coffee…, foreign-made…, to become part and parcel of …).

Exercise 13. Summarize orally the main points of TEXT A using the following COMMUNICATIVE SCHEME which is presented in the form of a CHART (I, II, III are the basic lines of thematic development of the summary). Pick out the predicates from the lists below.

I – is studied (by), is connected (with), are skilled (in), is concerned (with), use, apply;

II – is, consists (in), can be divided (into), can be grouped (into);

III – is based (on), is founded (on), presupposes.

political

science

law, statistics,

accounting etc.

the subject matter of economics economists economics the distribution of wealth the allocation of resources economic principles market economy planned economy mixed economy I the economy, economic systems II I II

decentralized way

of managing

economy

economic decisions taken by

government

planners

economic decisions taken by

individuals

SPEAKING