Passenger and Freight Trains, Stations

(1) A passenger train travels between stations where passengers may embark and disembark. The oversight of the train is the duty of a conductor. Passenger trains are part of public transport, and often make up the stem of the service, with buses feeding to stations.

(2) Intercity trains are long-haul trains that operate with few stops between cities. Trains typically have amenities such as a dining car. Some lines also provide over-night services with sleeper cars. Some long-haul trains have been given a specific name. Regional trains are medium distance trains that connect cities with outlying, surrounding areas, or provide a regional service. Trains make more stops and have lower speeds. Commuter trains serve suburbs of urban areas, providing a daily commuting service. Airport rail links provide quick access from city centres to airports.

(3) Rapid transit is built in large cities and has the highest capacity of any passenger transport system. It is grade separated and commonly built underground or elevated. At street level, smaller trams can be used. Light rails are upgraded trams, which have step-free access, their own right-of-way and sometimes sections underground. Monorail systems operate as elevated, medium capacity systems. A people mover is a driverless, grade-separated train that serves only a few stations, of as a shuttle.

(4) High-speed rail operate at much higher speeds than conventional railways, the limit being regarded at 200 to 320 km/h. High-speed trains are used mostly for long-haul service, and most systems are in Western Europe and East Asia. The speed record is 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph).

(5) A freight train hauls cargo using freight cars specialized for the type of goods. Freight trains can be highly economic, with economy of scale and high energy efficiency. However, its use is reduce by lack of flexibility, often by the need of transshipment at both ends of the trip due to lack of tracks to the point of pick-up and delivery. Authorities often encourage the use of cargo rail transport due to its environmental profile.

(6) Container trains have become the dominant type in the US for non-bulk haulage. Containers can easily be transshipped to other modes, such as ships and trucks, using cranes. Other types of cars include refrigerator cars, stock cars for livestock and auto racks for road vehicles. When rail is combined with road transport, a roadrailer will allow semi-trailer to be driven onto the train, allowing for easy transshipment between road and rail.

(7) Bulk handling represents a key advantage for rail transport. Low transshipment costs combined with energy efficiency and low inventory costs allow trains to handle bulk much cheaper than by road. Typical bulk cargo includes coal, ore, grains and liquids. Bulk is transported in open-topped cars and tank cars.

Stations (8) A railway station serves as a area where passengers can board and alight from trains. A goods station is a yard which is exclusively used for loading and unloading cargo. Large passenger stations have at least one building providing conveniences for passengers, such as purchasing tickets and food. Smaller stations typically only consists of a platform. Early stations were sometimes built with both passenger and goods facilities. Platforms are used to allow easy access to the trains, and are connected to each other via underpasses, footbridge and level crossings. Some large stations are built as cul-de-sac, with trains only operating out from one direction. Smaller stations normally serve local residential areas, and may have connection to feeder bus services. Large stations, in particular central stations, serve as the main public transport hub for the city, and have transfer available between rail services, and to rapid transit, tram or bus services.

Exercise 2 Answer the following questions.

1. What is the text about? 2. What is the duty of a conductor? 3. What kind of trains are intercity trains? 4. What can be used at street level? 5. Where are the most high-speed systems situated? 6. What do freight trains haul? 7. Where can containers are easily transshipped? 8. What other types of cars do you know? 9. What allows trains to handle bulk much cheaper than by road? 10. How are platforms connected to each other?

Exercise 3 Translate and memorize the following expressions trom the text.

passengers embark and disembark, the oversight of the train, to make up the stem of the service, long-haul trains, medium distance trains, outlying (surrounding) areas, regional service, a daily commuting service, quick access, rapid transit, upgraded trams, step-free access , speed record, high energy efficiency, transshipment between road and rail, bulk handling, a key advantage, low transshipment costs, a goods station, for loading and unloading cargo. 

Exercise 4 Find synonyms among the following words.

amenity (n), station (n), embark (v), long-haul (adj), outlying (adj), access (n), capacity (n), section (n), speed (n), conventional (adj), haul (v), cargo (n), authorities (n), dominant (adj), alight from (v), stop (n), take a train (v), courtesy (n), long-distance (adj), surrounding (adj), approach (n), power (n), part (n), velocity (n), ordinary (adj), draw (v), freight (n), rule (n), get off (v).

Exercise 5 Write a summary of the text, presenting the content of each paragraph in 2-3 sentences. Use the expressions:

The main idea of the text is… The text deals with one of the most important (urgent) issues … Much attention (consideration) is given to (classification, description) … It focuses on the matters of … The text gives an overview of … The text is mainly concerned with … The aim of the survey is to show (demonstrate, find)… Particular emphasis is given to the analysis of … The text gives a detailed analysis of (reports on)… To sum up… In conclusion…

Индивидуальное задание для студентов заочного отделения к курсу

«Английский язык»

Вариант № 25/3c

Exercise 1 Read the text and translate it in written form.