- •Українська державна академія
- •English for Students of Economics
- •Т.В. Колбіна
- •В.П. Сімонок
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar
- •(Речення з дієсловом to have (have got))
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Порівняльні сполучники та звороти
- •Nouns: Countable and Uncountable Plural and Singular
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •From the history of railways:
- •200 Years of progress
- •Conversational practice
- •At the Railway Ticket Office
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Possessive Case of Nouns
- •Imperative Sentences
- •Prepositions of Time
- •Prepositions of Place
- •Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Alternative Questions
- •Tag Questions
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense in the Passive
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •The basics of economics
- •Today’s Mixed Economies
- •Economics is everywhere
- •Breaking into new markets
- •Conversational practice
- •I’m sorry Excuse me of course Pardon
- •Word building
- •Revision exercises
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Grammar Continuous Tense
- •Present Continuous Tense
- •Past Continuous Tense
- •Future Continuous Tense
- •Verbs, used only in simple tenses
- •Pronouns
- •Numerals
- •Запам’ятайте:
- •Розміри, виміри
- •Номери телефонів, автобусів та ін.
- •Attributive Group
- •Exercise 36 Find the headword of the word combinations and translate them.
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Supply and demand
- •Seeking a balance
- •Apple iPad’s - Impressive Device
- •Joint Demand and Joint Supply
- •Why are the Salaries of Professional Sport Stars So High?
- •Computer Crime
- •Conversational practice
- •I’ll ring back later.
- •I’m having a party on Saturday. Can you come?
- •Word building
- •Grammar revision
- •The Tower of London
- •Enjoy yourself Proverbs
- •Great explorers
- •Grammar Perfect Tense (Часи групи Perfect)
- •Present Perfect Tense
- •Past Perfect Tense
- •Future Perfect Tense
- •The Loch Ness Wallet
- •Phrasal Verbs
- •The Art of Feng Shui
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Production and factors of production
- •The stages of industry
- •Services
- •The chain of distribution
- •The Knowledge Society
- •Conversational practice
- •Grammar revision
- •Amazing but true!
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Thoughts that help us live
- •Grammar Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Past Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Sequence of Tenses
- •Виключення з правила узгодження часів
- •Direct and Reported Speech
- •Питальні речення у непрямій мові
- •The Stress Interview
- •Interview
- •Наказові речення у непрямій мові
- •Expressions of Quantity Вираження кількості
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Management
- •Marketing
- •Advertising Then and Now
- •Outdoor advertising – a breath of fresh air
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Exercise 52 Translate the adjectives.
- •Grammar review
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Father’s Motto
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar
- •Infinitive
- •Exercise 6 Translate the following sentences and word combinations.
- •Exercise 7 Translate the sentences defining the function of the Infinitive.
- •The Brave Old Lady and the Hopeless Crook1
- •Complex Object
- •Exercise 14 Translate the sentences paying attention to the Complex Object.
- •Exercise 19 Translate the sentences using the Complex Object.
- •Complex Subject (Суб’єктний інфінітивний зворот)
- •Exercise 22 Translate the sentences using the Complex Subject.
- •Gerund (Герундій)
- •Функції герундія
- •Revision of Modal Verbs
- •An Overheard Conversation
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Railway transport economics
- •Exercise 41 Answer the following questions according to the text.
- •Exercise 42 Find English equivalents.
- •Logistics on the Move
- •Word building Compound words
- •Revision exercises
- •Enjoy yourself Test
- •Irregular Verbs
- •Фонетичні правила читання голосних
- •Порядок слів у стверджувальному реченні
- •Pronouns
- •Active Voice
- •Passive Voice
- •Functions of Modal Verbs and Synonymous Expressions
- •Prepositions after Particular Words and Expressions
- •Greetings
- •Getting Acquainted with People
- •Parting with People
- •Invitations and Proposals
- •Apologies
- •Answers
- •Agreeing
- •Disagreeing
- •Hesitations and Lack of Understanding
- •Starting a Conversation
- •Telephoning
- •Transitional Words
- •Word Formation
- •Literature
- •English for Students of Economics
- •310050, Харків – 50, пл. Фейєрбаха, 7
Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
railway – n залiзниця (AmE railroad); rail – n рейка, залізниця
travel – n поїздка, подорож; v їхати, подорожувати; traveller – n пасажир
choose (chose, chosen) – v вибирати
prefer – v надавати перевагу
means – n засiб; by means of – за допомогою
combine – v поєднувати, єднати; syn unite
safety – n безпека, надійність; safe – adj безпечний, надiйний
superior – adj найкращий, переважаючий; have no superior – не мати рівних
important – adj важливий, значний
carry – v везти, нести; carry freight (goods) – перевозити вантажі
account (for) – v відповідати за, звітувати; account – n звіт, рахунок
different – adj різний; differ from – v відрізнятися від
place – n мiсце, мiсцезнаходження; v розмiщувати; take place – вiдбуватися, мати мiсце
develop – v розвивати(ся), розроблювати, створювати; development – n розвиток, досягнення, розробка
realize – v розуміти, усвідомлювати, виконувати
challenge – n виклик, проблема; meet the challenge – стикатися з проблемою, відповісти на виклик
engine – n локомотив, двигун; steam engine – паровий двигун
invention – n винахід; invent – v винаходити; inventor – n винахідник
attempt – n спроба; v пробувати
carriage – n вагон; syn car, coach
construct – v будувати, конструювати; syn build
call – v звати, називати
load – v завантажувати; n навантаження
power – n сила, потужнiсть, енергiя; v постачати енергiю; powerful – adj потужний; tractive power = traction – тягова сила, тяга
successful – adj успiшний, вдалий; success – n успiх; be a success – мати успiх
offer – v пропонувати; n пропозиція
be in wide use – широко використовуватися
сonnect – n з’єднувати syn link
skill – n вміння, майстерність
doubt – n сумнів; v мати сумнів
possibility – n можливість; possible – adj можливий
in terms of – з точки зору, стосовно; term – n термін, період, семестр; terms – n умови
volume – n об’єм, маса
complete – v закінчувати
get an access to – одержати доступ до
change – v змінювати; n зміна
rank – v займати місце
be over – закінчитися, підходити до кінця
compete (against) – v змагатися; competition – n змагання, конкуренція; competitor – n конкурент; competitive – adj конкурентний
due to – prep завдяки, внаслiдок; syn thanks to
high-speed train – високошвидкісний потяг; syn fast train; ant slow train
resemble – v походити, мати схожість
Irregular verbs
Infinitive |
Simple Past |
Past Participle |
Translation |
be |
was, were |
been |
бути, знаходитися |
break |
broke |
broken |
ламати |
build |
built |
built |
будувати |
do |
did |
done |
робити, виконувати |
draw |
drew |
drawn |
тягнути, малювати |
have |
had |
had |
мати |
hear |
heard |
heard |
чути |
meet |
met |
met |
зустрічати(ся) |
run |
ran |
run |
бігти, рухатися, керувати |
say |
said |
said |
говорити, сказати |
Exercise 45 Read and translate the following combinations.
By means of railroads; the safest means of travel; to run much faster than; to develop a speed; to develop a new method; due to the advanced technologies; to run a factory; to operate well; to be far slower and lighter; much more comfortable than; not so important as; thanks to new developments; the most powerful modern locomotives; to introduce electricity as tractive power; the introduction of diesel traction; to be ready to meet the challenges; the passenger and freight service; the invention of a steam engine; to draw a train; to be the backbone of any country’s economy; to be as successful as; to compete successfully; in terms of construction speed; to combine comfort and safety; to resemble aircraft in design.
Exercise 46 Match the words in the left column with the corresponding synonyms in the right one.
Goods, to be over, means of transport, safe, to resemble, high speed, to draw, to think, travel, to run, to build, thanks to, competition, to develop, to offer. |
Freight, to come to an end, fast, to pull, to operate, to propose, to construct, due to, to invent, contest, to consider, journey, reliable, vehicle, to be like. |
Exercise 47 Pre-text discussion.
Do you know which country was the birthplace of railways? What did first trains and carriages look like? When was ‘the golden age’ of railway? What would you say about its present and future? Why are railways important for the national economy?
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