2. Language Focus

Ex.1. Read the following international words and guess their meaning.

Mind the stress.

Materials материалы	Energy энергия	Synthetic синтетический
Manufacture мануфактура	Biological биологический	Molecule молекула
Product продукт	Process процесс	Polymer полимер
Type тип	micro-structure микроструктура	Elastomer эластомер
Composite композит	Metal металл	Original оригинальный
Group группа	Mineral минерал	Electricity электричество
Substance субстанция	Silicate силикат	Temperature температура
Nature натуральный	Practical практический	Synthetic синтетический
Plastics пластик	Object объект	Molecule молекула

Construction – конструкция

Ex.2. Memorize the following pairs of derivatives:

V→N Adj→Adv

to create – creation original - originally

to construct – construction primary – primarily

to add – addition easy – easily

to alter – alteration artificial – artificially

to insulate - insulation

to include – inclusion

to occur –occurrence

to contain – container

to conduct – conductor

Ex.3. Transform as in the models.

Model 1: to include stone – the inclusion of stone,

to create a new composite material – creation of a new composite material,

to construct a building – construction of a building,

to occur in nature – occurrence in nature,

to alter the microstructure – alteration of the microstructure,

to add another substance – addition of another substance.

Model 2: a sudden appearance – to appear suddenly

an easy stretch – to stretch easily,

an artificial combination – to combine artificially,

a primary mixture – to mix primarily.

Ex. 4. Match English and Russian equivalents.

1. solid substances c. твёрдые вещества

2. natural materials g.природные материалы 3. to return to the original shape f. вернуться в исходную форму

4. dimension stone h. штучный камень

5. extracted materials a. извлеченные материалы

6. to range from b. колебаться в пределах

7. mineral compounds d. минеральные соединения

8. to contain a large amount e. содержать большое количество

Ex.5. Choose the right word or word-combination:

1. Natural materials, which include stone, wood, and … are used much as they occur in nature.

a) alloys b) wool c) plastics

2. Biological materials are substances that … as part of a plant or animal.

a) are formed b) grew c) develop

3. Wood is a valuable biological material because of its strength, toughness, and low….

a) stiffness b) density c) creep

4. Plastics are synthetic materials made up primarily of … called polymers.

a) long chains of molecules b) mineral compounds c) biological materials

5. Engineers may … combine various materials to create a new composite material.

a) primarily b) easily c) artificially

Ex.6. Complete the sentences.

1. Basic types of materials range from wood to which has been used for thousands of years, to composite materials, which are still under development.

2. Natural materials, which include stone, wood, and wool, are used much as they much as they occur in nature.

3. Certain types of rock are extremely strong and hard, and are therefore used as building stone.

4. These properties make wood an excellent material for thousands of products, including houses, sailboats, furniture, baseball bats, and railroad ties.

5. Today, metals are important in all aspects of construction and manufacturing.

6. People have used such metals as copper, gold, iron, and silver for thousands of years to make various practical and decorative objects.

Ex.7. Insert the right words:

(develop, cement, electricity, thermoplastics, are used, processes, various natural substances)

1. A variety of materials are used in different products.

2. Extracted materials, such as plastics, alloys and ceramics, are created through the processing of various natural substances.

3. Biological materials are substances that develop as part of a plant or animal.

4. Extracted materials are created through processes that expend a great deal of energy or alter the microstructure of the substances used to make the materials.

5. Ceramics include such everyday materials as brick, cement, glass, and porcelain.

6. There are two basic types of plastics: (1) thermosetting plastics and (2) thermoplastics.

7. Semiconductors are materials that conduct electricity better than insulators, but not as well as conductors, at room temperature.