Bolted tanks

The production of petroleum and its by-products requires ______________________. During the years, tanks developed from wooden to ____________ tanks. Bolted tanks are ____________ elements and assembled _______________________. They are designed according to ____________________. Bolted tanks can be easily ________________ and ___________ at new locations. The ________________ can be replaced in the field. For example, a hole developed from _________________ or damaged, a single _______________ may be replaced. No special equipment is required. These tanks can be erected _________________. These tank types include painted, ________________, and special coatings. Bolted tanks are fabricated from 10-12 in ____________________.

EXERCISE 4 Read and translate the text "Tank battery operation", using the words after the text.

Tank battery operation

After passing through the gas-oil separator, the gas usually is measured through an orifice meter and the oil is flowed into one of the tanks where measurements of the height of oil in the tank are taken from time to time by the operator. The oil flow is usually directed into one tank of the lease battery until it is filled, after which the flow is switched to an empty tank.

The final gauging of a full tank is made by the pipeline company preparatory to running the oil from the tank into the pipeline. It is the lease operator's responsibility to watch the gauging and testing of the oil done by the pipeline gager and to be sure that the measurements are correct. The lease operator in this transaction represents the producer or seller, and the pipeline gager is the transporter. Similarly, it is often the duty of the lease operator to see that the metering equipment used to measure gas delivered off the lease is functioning and serviced properly, even though this may be the direct responsibility of other personnel or of the purchaser of the gas. Also, gas meter charts are commonly changed by lease operator gagers who make the proper notations and forward them to the production office for reading and calculation of the gas volumes registered. At times the lease operators site read the gas meter charts to estimate the daily volume of gas produced by each lease. The gas purchaser usually supplies and maintains the gas sales metering equipment.

When salt-water production occurs with the oil, the accumulated water must be drained from the stock tanks. The volume of salt water produced over each 24-hour period is measured by gauging before and after draining the water accumulated in the tanks. Sometimes it is necessary to transfer any oil emulsified with salt water from the stock tank to a treater for removal of the water or BS&W. In more modem operations the water is removed in a production treater. When the amount transferred is large, the lease operator will usually flow additional oil into the tank to more nearly fill it before delivering the tank to the pipeline gager for running the oil to the pipeline. This operation is referred to as topping out the tank. The treated or recovered oil is often returned to another tank being filled.

The words to be memorized:

1. Dehydration– обезвоживание

2. Hydrating –гидратообразование

3. Pig– скребок (поршень) для трубопроводов

4. Pipeline – трубопровод

5. Separator – сепаратор

6. Tank – емкость

7. Trunkline– основной коллектор, магистральный трубопровод

8. Vortex breaker– гаситель завихрений

9. Droplet – капелька

10. Mist pad–каплеуловитель

11. Coalescing device– коагулятор

12. Deflector plate – пластина дефлектора

13. Vapor section– секция для газа

14. Funneling effect– эффект воронкообразования

15. Corrosion – коррозия

16. Stripper well –истощенная скважина

17. Allowables – квоты

18. Well cluster –куст скважин

19. Plumb bob –свинцовое грузило

20. Reading box– считывающее устройство

EXERCISE 5 Answer questions about the text.

1. What is the common procedure to measure separated oil and gas at the tank battery?

2. Who does the final gauging of a full tank and what is the reason for that?

3. What are the main responsibilities of the lease operator during oil measuring operations?

4. Who usually supplies and maintains the gas metering equipment?

5. Describe how you understand tank topping out.

EXERCISE 6 Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones with the right information and discuss your answers with a partner.

1. The lease operator in this transaction represents the producer or seller, and the pipeline gager is the transporter.

2. The oil flow is usually directed into one tank of the lease battery, after which the flow is switched to the filled reservoir.

3. The gas purchaser doesn’t supply and maintain the gas sales metering equipment.

4. When salt-water production occurs with the oil, the accumulated water mustn’t be drained from the stock tanks.

5. It is necessary to transfer any oil emulsified with salt water from the stock tank to a treater to remove water.

EXERCISE 7 Connect the terms with their definitions.

Corrosion	a process of removing water from gas.
Dehydration	the change of pressure with depth a center where oil from wells is collected. Oil is transported from wells through flowlines and gathering lines first to booster pump stations, which pump it further to oil gathering facilities for metering and treatment.
Hydrates	a device in the form of a tank designed for separation of oil from gas and water. Separators can be vertical or horizontal, two-phase or three- phase. Some separators are also capable to separate oil from solids due to spe­cial filters installed in them. The force of gravity and the centrifugal force are used for separation process.
Oil gathering facilities	a large diameter pipeline that connects an oil or gas field with a refinery, or transportation terminal and used to transport commercial oil and gas.
Separator	chemical consumption or wearing away of equipment. Corrosion can be by either inorganic or organic bacteria. Corrosion is caused primarily by oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and chlorides in petroleum drilling and production. Electrochemical corrosion produces a measurable current. Sour corrosion is caused by hydrogen sulfide, whereas sweet corrosion is caused by carbon dioxide and fatty acids.
Trunk pipeline	snow-like compounds of methane and water. Chemically speaking, a hydrate can be any compound formed by the union of water with some other substance.

EXERCISE 8 Find the English equivalents in column B to the Russian word combinations in column A.

A	B
Периодическая закачка	Gas line
Товарная нефть	Level controller
Газопровод	Hydraulic safety valve
Гидравлический предохранительный клапан	Pipe coating
Регулятор уровня	Batch treatment
Обессоливание нефти	Export oil
Трубное покрытие	Oil desalination

EXERCISE 9 Read and translate the text.