Exercise 2. Pronounce correctly:

Sight [sait], tongue [tʌŋ], through [θru:], lower ['lə(o)ʊə], framework ['freɪmwɜ:k], facial['feɪʃ(ə)l], carbon ['k'ɑ:bən], calcium ['kælsɪəm], phosphorus ['fɒsf(ə)rəs], ear ['ɪə], thigh ['θaɪ], knee [ni:], calf ['kɑ:f], abdomen ['æbdəmən], muscle ['mʌsl], palate ['pælət], equilibrium [i:kwɪ 'lɪbrɪəm], eyelash ['ailæʃ],homeostasis [həʊmiəʊ'steisis]

Exercise 3. Divide the words into two columns – nouns and adjectives. Translate them into your native language:

Example:

Nouns	Adjectives
heart	cardiac
neck	cervical

Facial, face, lung, anatomical, buccal, palate, skull, nasal, cranial, cheek, functional, renal, gastric, body, ear, tongue, pulmonary, eye, liver, muscular, lingual, mouth, structure, oral, kidney, palatine, hepatic, skin, nose, cutaneous, ocular, auricle, bodily, stomach, lip, labial, anatomy, function, structural, muscle.

Exercise 4. Read the following words and word combinations and translate them into Ukrainian. Make the sentences of your own:

principal: principal parts, principal organs, principal systems of the body

Injury: bad injury, serious injury, tissue injury, brain injury, the cause of injury

to breathe: to breathe in, to breathe out, to breathe through, don’t breath

surface: outer surface, inner surface, facial surface, external surface, superficial surface

: upper extremity, lower extremity, complex extremity trauma

Exercise 5. Read the following word combinations and translate them into Ukrainian:

the organ of sight, the organ of smell, to breathe through the nose, the upper and lower extremities, the organ of taste, to be connected with the trunk, to be connected with the chest, the upper part of the trunk, the narrow middle part of the body, toes and fingers, the framework of bones, to protect the organs from injury, to be covered with muscles, to be located in the mouth, to consist of the principal parts, to comprise the head, neck, trunk and extremities, entire body, the metabolic equilibrium.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the sentences with Passive Voice:

The student was asked about the structure of the human body.

Human Anatomy is taught in practical classes.

The lecture in Human Anatomy will be delivered tomorrow.

The human body is made up ofcarbon, calcium and phosphorus.

The lectures in Anatomy were attended by all students.

The skeleton is composed of bones.

The atlas of Anatomy was composed by R.D. Sinelnikov.

Anatomical dissectings for research and analysis are performed in a dissecting room.

Tomorrow the students will be asked about the structure of the human body.

Human Anatomy is taught in the first year.

Exercise 7. Read and translate the text. Find in the text more sentences with Passive Voice:

Human body

The human body is the entire structure of a human being that comprises such principle parts of the body as head, neck, trunk (torso) and extremities (limbs).

Every part of the human body is composed of various types of cells, the fundamental structural units of all living creatures. The composition of the human body is made up of a number of certain chemical elements including carbon, calcium and phosphorus. The most part of the human body is covered with the skin.

The head as the upper or front part of the body consists of 2 parts: the skull that contains the brain and the face that includes the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, ears and chin.

Each eye has the eyelids and the eyelashes that grow along the edge of the eyelids. There are the eyebrows over our eyes. The eyes serve as the organ of sight.

The nose is the organ of smell through which we breathe.

The ear (which is the organ of hearing) includes three principal parts: the external ear, the middle ear and the internal ear.

The mouth has 2 lips: the upper and the lower lip. The tongue (which is the organ of taste), teeth and hard and soft palates are located in the mouth.

The head is connected with the trunk by the neck.

The upper part of the trunk is called the chest. The principal organs in the chest are the lungs, the heart and the esophagus.

The lower part of the trunk is called the abdomen. It contains the stomach, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, the intestines, the kidneys, the gallbladder and the bladder.

The surface of the body from the neck to the buttocks is called the back.

The waist is the narrow middle part of the body above the hips.

When we speak of the upper extremity we mean the arm. The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the shoulder. It consists of the upper arm, the forearm, the elbow, the wrist and the hand. We have five fingers on each hand. A short finger set apart from the other is called the thumb. There are also index finger, middle finger, ring finger and little one. The inner surface of the hand is called the palm.

The lower extremity is called the leg. It consists of the thigh, the knee, the calf, the ankle and the foot. There are five toes on each foot. The nail is a hard part at the end of a toe and a finger.

The bones of the body are covered with the muscles. The framework of bones consisting of inorganic material is called the skeleton. It supports and protects the soft parts of the human body and provides attachment for muscles.

The study of the human body involves Anatomy and Physiology. Human Anatomy is the scientific study of the form and structure of organisms.

Physiology focuses on the systems and organs of the human body and their functions. All systems of the human body interact in order to maintain homeostasis i.e. metabolic equilibrium within our organism.

Exercise 8. Answer the following questions:

What does the human body consists of?

What chemical elements is the human body made up of?

What are the principal parts of the human body?

What parts does the head consist of?

What does the face include?

Where is the brain located?

What is the organ of taste?

What is the organ of sight?

What do ears serve as?

What are the principal organs in the chest?

What organs are there in the abdomen?

What do we mean under the term “the upper/lower extremity”?

What material do the bones consist of?

What is homeostasis?