Exercise 12. Complete the sentences with the words from the box:
a pulp, a crown, an enamel, a root, an alveolar process, an odontoblast, a dentin, a cementum |
The thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets (dental alveoli) on bones that hold teeth is called __________________.
A protective layer of bone-like tissue called ___________ covers the dentin of the root and blends with the fibers of the periodontal membrane.
____________ is a part of the tooth visible in the mouth.
_______________ is composed of calcified connective tissue that is very sensitive to pain.
_____________ is a part in the center of a tooth made up of living connective tissue and cells called odontoblasts.
________________ is the outer covering of the tooth that is the hardest tissue in the body.
A part of the tooth hidden in the jaw that keeps the tooth in place is called ______________.
__________________is part of the outer surface of the dental pulp that takes active part in the formation of dentin.
Exercise 13. Write down synonyms to the given words.
A cancellous bone, oral mucosa, a cortical bone, an upper jaw, a lower jaw, a dental process, a dental alveolus, a gum, a periodontal ligament, dentinal cell.
Exercise 14. Substitute the words given in italics with their synonyms:
1.A periodontal ligament surrounds the root of the tooth and holds the root in the dental alveolus.
2. A cancellous bone is typically found at the ends of long bones, proximal to joints and within the interior of the vertebrae.
A cortical bone forms the cortex, or outer shell, of most bones.
The gum is composed of dense fibrous tissue and is covered by oral mucosa.
The upper jaw includes the hard palates of the mouth that separates the oral cavity from the nasal one.
The skull can be subdivided into two parts: the cranium and the lower jaw.
The dental process is a portion of the jaw that forms the dental arch and supports the teeth.
Dental alveolus is an opening into each jaw where each tooth fits and is attached by means of the periodontal ligament.
Exercise 15. Translate into English the word-combinations using synonyms.
верхівковий отвір корня зуба |
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компактна кістка |
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губчаста кістка |
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верхня щелепа |
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нижня щелепа |
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лунка зуба |
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ясна |
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періодонтальна зв’зка |
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клітина зубної речовини |
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Exercise 16. Translate into English:
1.Зуб утримується у яснах коренем та періодонтом.
2. Різець має долотувату форму коронки.
3. Коронка ікла має конічну форму.
4. Верхній перший премоляр має 2 корені: один щічний та один піднебінний.
5. Бугри нижніх премолярів менші за верхніх.
6. Нижні моляри мають два корені: один медіальний та один дистальний.
7. Косий скіс коронки молярів йде від мезиально-піднебінного до дистально-щічного бугрів.
8. У третього моляра різні розміри, а також кількість коренів та бугрів.
Exercise 17. Insert prepositions or adverbs.
Every tooth consists ... a crown and one or more roots.
Any damage caused... decay or injury is permanent.
They are cemented together... the interprismatic substance.
The prisms run roughly... right angles... the surface.
Dentine occupies the interior... the crown and root.
Vessels and nerves of the pulp pass... the root canal... the crown.
A tooth is inserted... the jaw... its root.
Any tooth is attached... its socket... the jaw... the periodontal membrane.
Exercise 18. Ask questions to the underlined words.
The roots of the teeth are hidden inside the jaw.
The microscope shows that it consists of long solid rods.
Cementum meets enamel at the neck of the tooth.
As there was an extensive decay, dentine was very sensitive to pain.
The dentist drilled the tooth.
The outermost layer of the pulp must belined with the special cells.
The alveolar process is covered with gum.
Periodontal membrane acts as a shock absorber.
Exercise 19. Open the brackets and put the verbs in a correct form. Translate the sentences.
1. The dental pulp (to fill) with soft connective tissue.
2. Enamel of the 1st molar already (to destroy) by caries.
3. If you drink a lot of tea or coffee, the colour of your teeth (to change).
4. The patient (to have to visit) a dentist because of a severe toothache.
5. As the tooth is severely destroyed, the dentist (to extract) it as soon as possible.
6. Cementum (to serve) as a medium by which the periodontal ligament can attach to the tooth for stability.
7. In 1685 Charles Allen (to write) the 1st dental textbook “Operator for the teeth”.
8. A test on the tooth structure (to write) by dental students next Monday.
Exercise 20. Translate into English.
Коронка, шийка та корінь складають зуб.
Місце переходу коронки в корінь називають шийкою.
Емаль – найтвердіша частина людського тіла.
Призми, згинаючись, проходять радіально до поверхні коронки.
Цемент поєднується з емаллю у шийки зуба.
На відміну від інших структур зуба, пульпа – це пухка тканина.
Клітини пульпи проходять скрізь усю товщину дентину.
Періодонтальна мембрана діє як амортизатор.
Exercise 21. Describe the terms according to the plan: cementum, pulp, dentin, enamel.
Plan:
1. Tell what the term means.
2. Tell what the given organ consists of.
3. Tell about its functions.
4. Give any other information you know about the given organ.