Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, выражающие долженствование
Глагол |
Present |
Past |
Future |
C перфектной формой инфинитива |
must
выражает долженствование |
must I must do it now. – Я должен это сделать сейчас. Must в отрицательной форме часто переводится как нельзя. You must not do it. – Вам нельзя этого делать. |
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Глагол |
Present |
Past |
Future |
C перфектной формой инфинитива |
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to have (to)
выражает вынужденную необходимость вследствие сложившихся обстоятельств |
h ave to has I have to do it now. – Мне нужно (придется) сделать это сейчас. Do you have to do it? |
had to I had to go there. – Я должен был пойти туда (мне пришлось, надо было). Did you have to do it? |
shall have to will
You will have to go there. – Вы должны будете (вам надо будет, вам придется) пойти туда. |
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ought (to)
выражает моральный долг, как нечто отвечающее общепринятым взглядам |
ought (to)
We ought to help her. – Мы должны (нам следует) ей помочь. |
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Обозначает действие, которое – требовалось и, казалось бы, должно было состояться, но не состоялось. You ought to have done it yesterday. – Вы должны были сделать это вчера (а вы не сделали). |
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should выражает необходимость как нечто требуемое, а также как чье-либо субъективное мнение или совет |
should
You should not go there. – Вы не должны (вам не следует) идти туда. |
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то же You should have helped him. – Вам следовало бы (вы должны были бы) помочь ему.
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need
обычно употребляется с отрицанием и выражает отсутствие необходимости
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need
You needn’t hurry. – Вам не надо спешить.
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обозначает действие, в совершении которого не было необходимости, надобности You needn’t have done it. – Вам не нужно было (не было необходимости) делать это.
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Глагол |
Present |
Past |
Future |
C перфектной формой инфинитива |
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to be (to)
выражает необходимость, предусмотренную планом, договоренностью
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a is (to) are I am to go there. – Мне предстоит поехать туда. The meeting is to begin at 6. – Собрание должно начаться в 6 часов. |
w were
We were to meet at 5 yesterday. Мы должны были встретиться вчера в 5. |
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обозначает действие, которое должно было совершиться, но в действительности не имело места. They were to have met. – Они должны были встретиться. |
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m
as
(to)
TO HAVE TO – ТО BE TO |
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Необходимость |
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ТО HAVE TO – вынужденная необходимость ТО BE TO – необходимость по договоренности, плану или приказу |
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I have to go there. – должен (вынужден) I am to go there. – должен, предстоит, (договорились, или такое расписание) |
I had to go there пришлось I was to go there предстояло
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Exercise I. Translate into English.
1. I was to wait for her at the railway station. 2. We were to go to the cinema that afternoon. 3 They were to start on Monday. 4. He was to telephone the moment she was out of danger. 5. Roses were to be planted in the garden. 6. There was to be a discussion later on. 7. We were to get there before the others. 8. He was to tell her where to find us. 9. She was to graduate that year. 10. She was to wear that dress at the graduation party. 11. He is to come here at five o'clock. 12. The train was to leave at five-fifteen.
TO HAVE TO |
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Эквивалент глагола MUST |
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I have to go there. (надо) I had to go there. (пришлось) I shall have to go there. (придется) |
I don't have to go there. (не надо) I didn't have to go there. (не пришлось) I shan't have to go there. (не придется) |
Do you have to go there? ( надо?) Did you have to go there? ( пришлось?) Will you have to go there? ( придется?) |
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Exercise II. Translate into English.
1. I had to do a lot of homework yesterday. 2. She had to stay at home because she did not feel well. 3. Pete had to stay at home because it was very cold. 4. Mike had to write this exercise at school because he had not done it at home. 5. They had to call the doctor because the grandmother was ill. 6. Why did you have to stay at home yesterday? – Because my parents were not at home and I had to look after my little sister. 7. It was Sunday yesterday, so he didn't have to be at work, but he had to do a lot at home. 8. I am sorry I couldn't come yesterday. I had to work late. 9. I have not written the composition. I shall have to write it on Sunday. 10. We did not have to buy biscuits because our granny had baked a delicious pie. 11. Will you have to get up early tomorrow? 12. Why do you have to get up early tomorrow? 13. I had to go to the hospital to visit my aunt. 14. What did you have to learn by heart? – At school, I had to learn a beautiful poem «Leisure» by William Henry Davies. 15. I have to see him.
Exercise III. Translate the sentences.
You had to take part in this work.
Nobody could help me to operate the machine.
You are allowed to use this instrument.
You are to do the work yourself.
Old machinery was to be replaced two months ago.
You should test the new machines.
Exercise IV. Choose the correct equivalent for the words in brackets.
Students (разрешили) to take the exam ahead of time.
a) were allowed b)may c)was allowed
You (должны будете) take part in this work.
a) will be able to b)will be allowed to c)will have to
The testing machine (следует) be made as simple as possible.
a) could b) was able to с) should
4. You (должны были) improve your methods of work to achieve better results.
a) had to b)was allowed to c)must