Сравнительные союзы

than	чем	as soon as possible	как можно скорее
as…as	такой же как	not so….as	не такой, как
as…as possible	как можно	not so quick as	не такой быстрый как
		the…the	чем….тем

Examples:

1. The more you study, the more you know.	Чем больше учишь, тем больше знаешь.
2. This text is more difficult than the first one.	Этот текст труднее, чем первый (текст).
3. John is as tall as Tom.	Джон такой же высокий, как Том.
4 .This dress is not as cheap as yours.	Это платье не такое дешевое, как твое

Суффиксы прилагательных

Суффикс	Модель	Что выражает	Пример	Перевод
less	N+less=A	Отсутствие качества	soundless	беззвучный
ful	N+ful=A	Наличие качества	useful	полезный
у	N+Y=A	качество	noisy	шумный
ish	N+ish=A	Качество, степень качества	childish	детский
able	V+able=A	Пассивное значение	changeable	изменчивый
al	N+al=A	отношение	economical	экономный
ic	N+ic=A	Состав чего-либо	atomic	атомный
ous	N+ous=A	Обладание качеством	famous	знаменитый
ly	N+ly=A	Имеющий какое-либо качество	friendly	дружеский

Префиксы с отрицательным значением

Префикс	Пример	Перевод
un	unnatural	неестественный
in	incapable	неспособный
dis	dishonest	бесчестный
im	impossible	невозможный
ir	irregular	нерегулярный
mis	misunderstanding	недоразумение
non	nonarrival	неприбытие

Exercise 1. Put in the right form of the adjective.

1. Kate is (young) than Mary. 2. London is one of the (big) cities in the world. 3. This sentence is (difficult) than the first one. 4. My dog is as (good) as yours. 5. His dog is (good) than yours. 6. Her dog is the (good) of the three. 7. This mountain is the (high) in Europe. 8. This piece of homework is (bad) than your last one. 9. Richard is not as (tall) as Tom. 10. Tom is (tall) than Richard. 11. Torn is the (tall) boy in the class. 12. Jack is (rich) than Richard, but I don't think lie is (happy) than Richard. 13. Susan is (old) than Mark; she is the (old) of the family. 14. Summer is (warm) than winter. 15. London is (big) than Manchester. Manchester is (small) than London. 16. A train goes faster than a ship but not as (fast) as an airplane. Which is the (fast)? Which is the (slow)? 17. This is the (wonderful) and (beautiful) film I have ever seen.

Exercise 2. Compare as in example.

Образец 1: Moscow is larger than our city

1. Moscow, Kiev (smaller). 2. English grammar, Russian grammar (easy). 3. Comrade Petrov, Comrade Ivanov (young). 4. My suitcase, yours (large). 5. These coats, those (good).

Образец 2: Our flat is more (less) comfortable than yours.

Функции «one»

Функция	Значение	Пример	Перевод
а. числительное	один	One of them is our teacher.	Один из них – наш преподаватель.
b. подлежащее в неопределённо-личных предложениях	не переводится	One can borrow this book from the library.	Можно взять эту книгу из библиотеки.
с. заменитель существительного используется, чтобы не повторять несколько раз одно и то же слово.	1. никак не переводится	1. Give me a new book and an old one.	1. Дайте мне новую книгу и старую.
	2. переводится тем словом, которое замещает	2. Some of the gentlemen were gone, the younger ones were playing billiards.	2.Некоторые джентльмены ушли, молодые джентльмены играли в бильярд.
	3. указательным местоимением то, тот, та	3. Give me the book, the one, which I like best.	3. Дайте мне книг, ту, которая мне нравится больше всего.

Exercise1. Translate one in different functions:

1. One must study a lot to become an engineer. 2. We must write only one exercise now. 3. Engineering is one of the most important professions, it is the one that is taught at technical institutes. 4. One cannot translate such an article without a dictionary in the first year. 5. One may enter any Institute in this country, as all of them are free of charge. 6. One must have a very good knowledge of general engineering subjects to become a good engineer. 7. One must pass all the exams well to enter an Institute. 8. Last summer I read many English articles, and my friend read some German ones. 9. This summer we shall spend in the country, the last one we spent in the city. 10. We translated many texts, but there is one more text to translate. 11. One can take this journal from the library.

Функции «it»

Функция	Значение	Пример	Перевод
1	2	3	4
1. Личное местоимение	Он, она, оно	I have a good room. It is very big and light.	У меня хорошая комната. Она большая и светлая.
2.указательное местоимение	это	It is John.	Это Джон.
3. Подлежа-	Не переводится	It is cold.	Холодно.
щее в без-
личном
предложении
4. Формальное подлежащее, которое вводит реальное	Не переводится	It's no use to deny that.	Бесполезно это отрицать.
5.Вводное слово в предложениях с эмфатической конструкцией	именно	It was Columbus, who made the discovery.	Именно Колумб сделал это открытие.

Exercise 2. Translate into English. Pay attention to the function of «it».

1. It is autumn. It is the 3-rd of October. It is dark in the morning and it is difficult to get up.

2. It is a new subject. It is very important for our future speciality. We shall study it for two years.

3. It will be our future speciality, but we do not know much about it in the first year.

4. It is known that the knowledge of general engineering subjects is the basis for the study of special subjects.

5. It seems that he works a lot.

6. It is said that the chemistry laboratory of our institute is good.

7. The student finds it difficult to translate such a text without a dictionary.

8. It was not easy to study at the Institute.

9. It is important to understand the fundamentals of this science.

10. It was A.S. Popov who invented the radio.

11. It is the knowledge of general engineering subjects that is the basis of engineering training.