VIII. Make up questions to the underlined words.

1. The jaws are subjected to infections.

2. According to the etiology periostitis may be divided into four groups.

3. There are infections of odontogenic origin.

4. Periostitis also occurs as a sequence to acute alveolar abscess.

5. Primary chronic periostitis is often the result of syphilis, actinomycosis or tuberculosis.

6. Infection plays an important role in periostitis maligna.

7. Chronic inflammation may also cause a stimulation of tissue.

8. A special forms of osteomyelitis occur in nurslings and infants.

9. A patient should be hospitalized.

10. General treatment consists of special measures.

IX. Answer the following questions.

1. What bones of the skeleton are subjected to infection more often then the others?

2. What are the main causes of infection of the jaws?

3. What can help in visualizing the progress of the disease?

4. Where is periostitis seen more frequently?

5. What may periostitis be divided into according to the etiology?

6. When does periostitis occur?

7. What patients does periostitis generally occur in?

8. What is primary periostitis the result of?

9. What may contribute to the inflammation?

10. What is the general treatment in osteomyelitis?

X. Translate the following word combinations:

подвергаться инфекции, обычные причины, повреждение в результате травмы, необычный механизм, распространенная инфекция, рентгеновский снимок, первичное или вторичное поражение, гнойный периостит, пониженная сопротивляемость, вследствие усталости, инородное тело, у грудных детей и младенцев, быть полезным, как можно быстрее, снимать боль

XI. Translate the following sentences.

1. Наиболее частыми причинами инфекции челюсти являются травмы и перенос бактерий кровью.

2. Рентгеновский снимок помогает увидеть развитие болезни.

3. Периостит можно разделить на несколько групп, согласно его этиологии.

4. Травма может вызвать нагноение, которое связано с инфекцией.

5. Периостит может развиться как следствие острого альвеолярного абсцесса.

6. Злокачественный периостит обычно встречается у людей с пониженной сопротивляемостью.

7. Вторичная форма острого периостита может развиться в том случае, если первоначальная причина полностью не устранена.

8. Остеомиелит может быть локальным или поражать всю кость.

9. У взрослых наблюдается гнойный остеомиелит.

10. При остром остеомиелите необходимо как можно быстрее установить дренаж.

XII. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

Syndrome of Acute Osteomyelitis

of the Superior Maxilla in Early Infancy

A newborn infant, usually two or three weeks of age, becomes prostrated and feverish and swelling of one side of the face more than the other develops with marked swelling and redness of the orbital region – so much that the lids can hardly be opened. There is chemosis of the conjunctiva and when the orbital contents are involved, fixation and proptosis of the globe occur. A purulent nasal discharge, most marked on the involved side, is also present. As the condition progresses, pus may appear in the nose and fistulas may form at the alveolar process of the maxilla at the canine fossa or near the inner canthus of the eye on the involved side. Tooth buds may be extruded with drainage from the alveolar process. In addition to the fever and prostration, vomiting and diarrhea usually appear. In practically all cases in which cultures have been taken, pathogenic Staphylococcus pyogenes variant aureus has been recovered.

To minimize and prevent damage, early clinical and bacteriologic diagnosis of surgical intervention when indicated and treatment with the proper antibiotic as well as supportive therapy are essential. Because the infection in this syndrome has a tendency to smolder it is essential to continue with the antibiotics of choice until it is entirely eradicated.