V. Read and translate the sentences with the Complex Object.

1. The dentist wanted the patient to follow his instructions.

2. He considered the treatment to be successful.

3. I expected the tooth to be filled with a composite filling material.

4. The patient stated this tooth react to cold and hot.

5. He felt the pain increase.

6. The dentist saw the manifestations of the disease be associated with the pulp death.

7. The investigator observed the color changing of the filling become evident.

VI. Translate the sentences using Complex Object.

1. Я не думал, что этот зуб будут удалять.

2. Пациент хотел, чтобы ему ввели обезболивающее.

3. Врач сказал, что причиной кариеса является употребление большого количества сладкого.

4. Стоматологи считают, что использование фторсодержащей зубной пасты препятствует возникновению кариеса.

5. Он чувствовал. что боль распространяется на нижнюю челюсть.

6. Студенты наблюдали, как хирург готовит необходимые инструменты.

VII. Read and translate the text.

Infectious Diseases of the Jaws

The jaws are subjected to infection a great deal more than are other bones of the skeleton. Besides the infections from ordinary causes such as traumatic injury and hematogenous transportation of bacteria there are infections of odontogenic origin which are extremely common and it is only on account of the unusual mechanism of local resistance that widespread bone infection is not more often seen. An understanding of the bony architecture of both maxilla and mandible is a great aid in visualizing the progress of the disease and the changes as they appear in the roentgen picture.

Periostitis. Periostitis is seen more frequently in the intraoral regions than in the parts covered by the skin. It may be of primary or secondary involvement, general or localized. According to the etiology, periostitis may be divided into (1) traumatic, (2) chemical, (3) suppurative, and (4) chronic periostitis.

If trauma is associated with infection it may cause suppuration. This is especially true in compound fractures of the jaws. Periostitis also occurs as a sequence to acute alveolar abscess when the so-called “localized subperiostal” abscess forms.

Periostitis maligna is the name sometimes given to a form of periostitis in which saprophytic infection plays an important role. It generally occurs in patients who have lowered resistance due to fatigue or a debilitating disease such as typhoid fever, measles, or diphtheria.

Primary chronic periostitis is often the result of syphilis, actinomycosis, or tuberculosis. The secondary form is the terminal stage of acute periostitis which may persist because the original cause has not been completely removed. Foreign bodies such as sequestrum or a sharp or rough bony margin left from an operation may contribute to the inflammation. Chronic inflammation may also cause a stimulation of tissue so that new bone is deposited on the outer surface of the jaw. This is spoken of as periostitis ossificans.

Osteomyelitis. Osteomyelitis may be localized or may involve the entire bone. The infection instead of being circumscribed and limited by a pyogenic membrane such as is generally found in infections of odontogenic origin spreads rapidly through the marrow spaces of the spongeosa and the Haversian system of the cortex and it ceases to be limited to the bone surrounding the tooth from which it originates. A special form of osteomyelitis occurs in nurslings and infants. In the adult we distinguish suppurative osteomyelitis, ossifying osteomyelitis, and irradiation osteomyelitis.

The patient should have good general care, sulfanilamide therapy may be helpful. In acute osteomyelitis drainage should be established as soon as possible. Incisions through the mucoperiosteum may be made if subperiostal abscesses have formed. General treatment consists of measures that tend to raise the resistance of the patient and relieve the pain. The patient should be hospitalized.