VI. Answer the following questions.

1. Are all congenital defects hereditary?

2. What do congenital defects result from?

3. What is more important in appearance of congenital defects?

4. What are the main causes of cleft palates?

5. What defect is more common – cleft palate or cleft lip?

6. Does clefting occur more frequently among males or females?

7. What is associated with high incidence of developmental dental defects?

8. What may an infant with cleft palate require?

VII. Translate the following word combinations.

наследственные дефекты, врожденные дефекты, одинаковые по внешнему виду, волчья пасть, заячья губа, во время беременности, нехватка витаминов, преобладание, возраст родителей, географическое положение, у родственников, высокая частотность, опасность для плода, специальные соски, хирургическое вмешательство, корь во время беременности

VIII. Make up questions to the underlined words.

1. Congenital defects can result from a variety of different agents.

2. The prevalence of cleft lip is about 1 per 1000 births.

3. Clefting occurs more frequently among males than among females.

4. Failure the infant to nurse may result in the discovery of a cleft palate.

5. Surgical intervention is not possible until 5 months of age.

IX. Translate the following sentences.

1. Не все врожденные заболевания являются наследственными.

2. Заячья губа является распространенным врожденным дефектом.

3. Заячья губа и волчья пасть появляются чаще у мужчин, чем у женщин.

4. Появление стоматологических дефектов, включая дефекты неба, связано с возрастом родителей и географическим положением.

5. Корь матери во время беременности часто связана с появлением дефектов полости рта.

6. Младенцам с такими дефектами как волчья пасть и заячья губа необходимы специальные соски.

7. Хирургическое вмешательство возможно только начиная с 5-месячного возраста.

X. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

Cleft Formation

Cleft formation of the lip, jaw, palate (hare-lip, clefts of the hard palate) arise because of the failure of the facial processes to unite. This usually takes place in the second embryonal month while the palate does not close until a few weeks later. The typical cleft-line runs from the nasal cavity between the central and lateral third through the upper lip and in the region of the lateral incisor through the alveolar process. In the direction of the palate the cleft cuts through the connection between vomer and roof of the hard palate and serves the median union on the two halves of the soft palate. Statistically hare-lip and cleft palate are a congenital anomaly which develops rather oftener than the other anomalies. They are accompanied by unsightliness disturbances especially in mastication and phonation. All these give a source of unimaginable mental trouble to patients themselves as well as their families.

In order to eliminate these disturbances many operative techniques have been performed. It is desired to advance plastic surgery of the anomaly and to five full instruction on phonation as well as to trace up etiology in an effort to eliminate and to prevent the incidence of the anomaly.