II. Learn the following words:

congenital [kqn’Genitql] - врожденный

hereditary [hi’reditqri] - наследственный

similar [‘similq] - подобный, похожий

cleft palate [‘pqelit] - волчья пасть

pregnancy [‘pregnqnsi] - беременность

cleft lip - заячья губа

measles [‘mJzlz] - корь

gestation [dges’teiSqn] - беременность

fetus [‘fJtqs] - плод

prevalence [‘prevqlqns] - преобладание

incidence [‘insidqns] - частотность, частота случаев

hazard [‘hqezqd] - опасность

failure [‘feiliq] - неспособность, неудача

nursing nipple [‘nWsiN] - соска

III. Read and translate the sentences with complex subject.

1. Not all congenital defects are known to be hereditary.

2. Congenital defects are supposed to result from a variety of different agents.

3. Cleft lip seems to be a common congenital defect.

4. Clefting in Negroes appears to be more frequent among females.

5. Maternal measles appears to be associated with a high incidence of developmental dental defects.

6. Clefting is likely to occur more frequently among males.

7. Clefting is sure to occur more frequently among males than among females.

IV. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the Present and Past Participles.

1. There are different agents producing dental defects.

2. The findings reported by Greene show that clefting is more frequent among females.

3. These factors were operating when the two halves of the palate fused.

4. It is observed that clefting occurs more frequently among males.

5. Dental defects in the infant are associated with maternal measles.

6. Studying dental defects among various races Greene has found that clefting in Negroes is more frequent in females.

V. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the word since:

1. Since the early days of the Church medical treatment had for the most part been the province of the monks.

2. Since monks were forbidden to perform operations this duty fell to the barbers.

3. Many changes can be observed in the dentistry health system in our country since the beginning of the XXI century.

4. Since diet plays a major role in dental caries a discussion about diet is often useful.

5. Since what time have you been working as a nurse in this clinic?

6. The doctor has carefully followed up the child’s oral condition since the very first days after birth.

7. Calcium will be needed throughout the whole life since it it essential to the body for many reasons.

8. Periodontal disease has affected mankind since early in evolution.

9. Since fear is one of the prime deterrents of periodontal care reduction in the possibility of pain can bring the benefit of care to larger groups.

V. Read and translate the text.

Congenital Anomalies

Not all congenital defects are hereditary but can result from a variety of different agents producing defects which may be quite similar in appearance. The timing of the agent rather than its nature is most important. In experimental animals cleft palates resulted from a variety of stresses – radiation, vitamin deficiency, cortisone, intoxication and anoxia – if the factors were operating when the two halves of the palate fused on about the 15^th day of pregnancy.

A common congenital defect is cleft lip with or without cleft palate. The prevalence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate is about one per 1000 births. In studies of cleft lip and cleft palate among various races, it is observed that clefting occurs more frequently among males than it does among females, except, as reported by Greene et. al., clefting in Negroes appears to be more frequent among females. Associations increasing parental age (both mother and father), geographic location and the occurrence of clefting in relatives have been established.

Maternal measles during gestation appears to be associated with a high incidence of developmental dental defects including palatal defects. Fraser et. al. have shown that the offspring of cortisone-treated pregnant mice have a high incidence of cleft palate. These findings do not indicate absolutely that therapeutic doses of corticosteroids during pregnancy offer any hazard to the fetus.

Failure of the infant to nurse may lead to the discovery of a cleft palate which is unassociated with a cleft lip. Such an infant may require a special nursing nipple which mechanically closes the cleft of the palate since surgical intervention is not possible until at least 5 months of age.