III. Translate the following

verbs: осложнять, связывать, ускорять, уменьшать (понижать), рецидивировать, облегчать, избегать, лечить, ограничивать, устанавливать (определять), увеличивать (повышать), обуславливать

nouns: пародонтоз, заболевание, болезненность, развитие, железа, начало, сахарный диабет, нарушение, гипофиз, щитовидная железа, околоушная железа, ткани, кости, кровоток, дозировка, сыворотка, лечение

adjectives: осложненный, местный, нежелательный, необходимый, так называемый, ограниченный, трудный, точный

IV. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the word it.

1. Saliva has a direct influence on the teeth. It consists of 99.5% water and 0,5% total solids.

2. It was found that drinking tea without sugar reduces dental caries.

3. Dentine is the tissue below the tooth enamel. It is the chief substance or tissue of the teeth.

4. It is necessary to extract the causative tooth.

5. It is in these zones that inflammation usually appears.

6. It may be due to catarrh of the upper air passages or digestive disturbances.

7. It is always wise to check that a fluoride toothpaste is used.

8. It occurs naturally in some drinking water.

9. It is useful to ask about tooth cleaning habits and the toothpaste used.

10. This makes it easier for the dentist to repair the damage.

11. In our country it is the generative and chronic diseases of long standing that are receiving increasing attention.

12. It is known that ancient Romans could make false teeth and even removable dentures from ivory.

13. It is evident that sweets between meals are the cause of caries.

14. It is good oral hygiene that makes your breath fresh and your gums and teeth healthy.

V. Read and translate the sentences with the complex subject.

1. The mandible is known to be the only bone of the face which has movement.

2. Sugar is thought to have been the cause of dental caries.

3. The first teeth to erupt are known to be incisors.

4. The ancient Romans were known to have made false teeth and even dentures from ivory.

5. Plaque seems to build up faster and in larger amounts as we get older.

6. The delegation of American dentists appears to have arrived.

7. Soft tooth brushes are not likely to injure the gums.

8. Wisdom teeth are unlikely to erupt before a person is fifteen years old.

9. The pulp is then said to be exposed.

10. Severe toothache has been estimated to be caused by irritant action of bacteria and the acid products in the cavity.

VI. Use complex subject instead subordinate clauses according to the model.

Model: It is known that the first teeth are incisors.

The first teeth are known to be incisors.

1. It is known that teeth erupt after six months.

2. It was found out that calcium is essential for the development of teeth.

3. It seems that caries is the commonest disease of civilization.

4. It is known that deciduous incisors and canines are replaced by permanent teeth of the same name.

5. It is estimated that deciduous teeth start developing before birth.

6. It is unlikely that the tooth will be filled.