III. Read and translate the following word combinations:

wide apical pulp canal, partial chronic pulpitis pulpotomy, remaining pulp tissue, a root canal filling, prosthetic dentistry department, the involved tooth surface, decreased saliva flow, difficult plaque removal, root surface caries

IV. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the verb to have.

1. The pus and remaining pulp tissue have to be removed and the root canal sterilized.

2. Root surface caries occurs most frequently in older patients who have had gingival recession.

3. It’s better to have professional hygienic cleaning of teeth regularly.

4. The question “Have you had many fillings done?” may lead the patient to explain that most teeth have been restored.

5. Some patients may have an urgent problem such as pain or trauma.

6. The dentist may ask whether most of the fillings are old and whether they have to be replaced regularly.

V. Read and translate the following sentences.

1. There are several groups of composite resin materials.

2. There are the teeth, the tongue and salivary glands in the mouth.

3. Since the material shrinks as it sets there is a danger that it will move away from the dentine towards the enamel.

4. There are four processes which extend out from the body of the maxillae.

5. Chronic pulpitis may occur in cases in which there is no perforation of the pulp chamber (pulpitis clausa)

6. There is a well-developed ridge between the zygomatic fossa and the facial surface.

7. There are places that are hard to reach where it’s impossible to remove bacteria deposits and dental calculus.

VI. Read and translate the sentences.

1. В стоматологии много клинических областей.

2. В ротовой полости много слюнных желез.

3. Существует две основные классификации зубного кариеса, основанные на анатомии поврежденной поверхности зуба.

4. Есть много признаков заболевания периодонта.

5. В каждой стоматологической поликлинике есть три отделения: терапевтическое, хирургическое и отделение протезирования.

VII. Read and translate the text.

Pulp Involvement

In caries pulp changes occur long before infection sets in. The affected odontoblastic processes cause the cells to degenerate and the presence of degenerated cells evokes an inflammatory reaction which may be extremely mild and therefore is generally spoken of as “chronic hyperemia” by a clinician. Edema and round-cell infiltration of moderate degree may be produced by the bacterial toxins carried by the lymph from the dentinal canals to the pulp without the entrance of the bacteria themselves into the tissue. When the bacteria finally reach the pulp the results depends on a variety of factors. There may be no marked inflammatory reaction when we speak of chronic pulpitis, or if several disturbing symptoms set in, we speak of acute pulpitis. Acute pulpitis is a clinical classification; it is generally superimposed on the “chronic” form which may have existed for a period of time. In either case the termination of the disease may be nectosis or gangrene of the pulp.

Chronic Pulpitis. Chronic pulpitis is a response to a mild injurious agent such as bacterial toxins and subpyogenic microorganisms. It therefore includes what the clinician terms “chronic hyperemia”. It may also be the end result of purulent inflammation, an attempt by the pulp to heal by forming granulation tissue in which round-cell infiltration persists due to the continuous presence of a small number of subvirulent bacteria. Chronic pulpitis may occur in cases in which there is no perforation of the pulp chamber (pulpitis clausa) or else it may be seen in cases in which a perforation has occurred (pulpitis aperta). A large perforation in a young tooth with wide apical pulp canal results in hypertrophy of the pulp.

Chronic pulpitis in most cases requires pulp extirpation, or, if the infection has gone beyond the pulp canal, extraction of the tooth. Sometimes in the partial chronic pulpitis pulpotomy can be recommended but not indiscriminately.

Acute Pulpitis. Acute pulpitis characterized by acute pain and leucocytic infiltration may occur directly or as an exacerbation of a long-standing chronic pulpitis. The differentiation into partial and total pulpitis, or serous and purulent forms, is of no great value as it is not possible to make a distinction between the two forms from clinical symptoms.

The opening of the pulp will give drainage and relief. The pus and remaining pulp tissue have to be removed and the root canal sterilized. Sterilization is followed by a root canal filling. If the infection has progressed so as to affect the bone, extraction of the tooth gives quick relief and is the safest procedure.

VIII. Answer the questions.

1. When do pulp changes occur?

2. How do bacterial toxins enter the pulp?

3. What is chronic pulpitis?

4. How is chronic pulpitis treated?

5. What is acute pulpitis characterized by?

6. When may acute pulpitis occur?

7. What treatment is recommended for acute pulpitis?

IX. Give Greek-Latin terms for the following definitions:

the process of the teeth development

extirpation of the pulp

inflammation of the pulp

excess of blood

causing the development of pus

poison

X. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1. Edema and round-cell infiltration may be produced by …

2. When the bacteria reach the pulp …

3. A large perforation in a young tooth with wide apical pulp canal results in …

4. The opening of the pulp will give …

5. If the infection has progressed so as to affect the bone, extraction of the tooth gives …

XI. Fill in the gaps with the necessary prepositions.

1. … caries pulp changes occur long … infection sets in.

2. It is generally spoken of as “chronic hyperemia” … clinicians.

3. Bacterial toxins are carried … the lymph … the dentinal canals … the pulp.

4. When the bacteria reach … the pulp, the result depends … a variety … factors.

5. … partial chronic pulpitis pulpotomy can be recommended.

6. Acute pulpitis is characterized … acute pain.

7. It is not possible to make distinction … the two forms … clinical symptoms.

8. Sterilization is followed … a root canal filling.