II. Learn the following words:

crack - трещина

expansion [iks’pqenSqn] - расширение

couple [kApl] - пара

to clench the teeth - стискивать зубы

to grind the teeth - скрежетать зубами

to split (split) - трескаться, ломаться

complete [kqm’plJt] - полный, законченный

fracture [‘frqekCq] - перелом

mastication [,mqesti’keiSqn] - жевание

sweet food - сладкая пища

sour food [sQuq] - кислая пища

beverage [‘bevqriG] - напиток

to chew [CH] - жевать

to propose [prq’pouz] - предлагать

to apply [q’plQi] - применять, прикладывать

oil [oil] - масло, мазь

to polish [‘pOliS] - полировать

excess [ik’ses] - излишек

water jet [Get] - струя воды

visible [‘vizibl] - видимый

onlay [‘Onlei] - накладка

to prefer [pri’fW] - предпочитать

preferable [‘prefqrqbl] - предпочтительный

III. Find the synonymous words:

mastication apply

in addition to changes

beverage occur

frequently therapy

cycling carry out

use often

treatment besides

develop drink

perform chewing

IV. Give the antonyms to the following words:

new, cold, complete, effective, visible

V. Give three forms of the verbs:

to have, to prefer, to eat, to develop, to be, to find, to do, to perform, to make, to study, to complain, to split

VI. Form Participle I and II of the following verbs and translate them.

to develop, to eat, to find, to make, to examine, to propose, to polish, to clean

VII. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the words ending in –ed.

1. Thermal testing of teeth was performed with frozen carbon dioxide.

2. They performed the operation yesterday.

3. The operation performed saved the patient’s life.

4. Half of the patients examined complained of pain on chewing and sensitivity to pressure.

5. A new method has been proposed by a group of scientists.

6. The method proposed proved to be effective.

7. The tooth was removed.

8. The removed tooth had split roots.

VIII. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the –ing forms.

1. The cycling of temperatures may crack the enamel

2. Thermal testing of teeth with dry ice may form cracks.

3. It was found in reviewing 100 cases.

4. The patient had pain on chewing.

5. A new method of diagnosing cracks has been proposed.

6. Applying a fluorescent oil is recommended after cleaning and polishing the tooth surface.

7. What is the child doing?

8. The temperature is changing.

9. Unremoved plaque can irritate gums making them red and painful.

10. Limiting the number of between-meal snacks you may avoid the development of tooth decay.

IX. Read and translate the sentences. Say what model verbs express.

1. Cracks may develop from thermal stresses.

2. The cycling of temperatures may crack the enamel.

3. Teeth can get knocked out in a fall, a fight or an accident but with quick action the tooth can be saved.

4. The stress on masticating coupled with clenching and grinding habits may deepen the cracks.

5. All you have to do is to follow five steps to dental health.

6. The cracks may involve the pulp.

7. Dental calculus can be removed only by means of professional tooth cleaning performed by a doctor.

8. The roots may be split.

9. You should consult a dentist.

10. The dentist had to work very carefully as the walls of the tooth were very thin.

11. If the pulp is involved endodontic therapy should be performed.

12. In the case of caries a dentist must first gain access to it.