VI. Define the function of the –ing form and translate the sentences.

1. A slight tooth cavity or an inflammation of the gum might mean losing of a tooth.

2. There is another way of avoiding caries.

3. We are now planning to introduce treatment plants to add fluorine to drinking water.

4. Patients are given anti-inflammation therapy including stimulating of the blood vessels.

5. The permanent molars erupt without having any deciduous predecessors.

6. The unerupted permanent successors lie adjacent to the absorbing deciduous roots.

7. Unfortunately no method of cleaning teeth is absolutely perfect.

8. The best way of personally preventing caries is to clean the teeth immediately after every meal by brushing or finishing with a detergent food and avoiding snacks between meals.

9. The object of treatment is to stop caries progressing further.

10. While brushing teeth people usually miss one and the same place.

VII. Read the sentences with the missing conjunctions and translate them.

1. We know caries is the first major rise coincided with the coming of refined sugar and white flour.

2. It must not be forgotten the chances of a cure depend directly on how soon you see the dentist.

3. There are some 999 known dental complaints hard to treat.

4. We know well missing teeth should be replaced by denture.

5. He prepared the material I had brought.

6. The faculty my brother is in trains dentists.

7. The treatment the patient had been administered helped him to avoid the tooth loss.

8. The first foreign physician in Rome we know of was a Greek who practiced there about the year 219 B.C.

VIII. Find in the dictionary the meanings of the following phrasal verbs:

to carry out, to give up, to look for, to look after, to look through, to write down, to make up, to turn into, to come across

IX. Read and translate the text.

Toothache

Toothache is very unpleasant. A slight tooth cavity or an inflammation of the gum might mean loosing a tooth. There are some 999 known dental complaints which are hard to treat.

There are two groups of dental complaints – caries and periodontitis. The first is commoner among the under-forties, the second among the over-forties; both are very common. We know that caries is the first major rise coincided with the coming of refined sugar and the second one with white flour so it means that here carbohydrates are involved, though it was found that a hereditary factor can also play a part.

Does that mean we must cut out sweets and sugar? No. There is another way of avoiding caries. It has been found that the incidence is low where the drinking water has a high fluorine content. This indicates fluorine helps keep up normal mineral content in tooth tissue. We are now planning to introduce treatment plants to add fluorine to drinking water in all cities need it.

A system of caries prevention has now been worked out for every age group from the embryo up. It indicates a balanced diet for expectant and nursing mothers, calcium and fluorine preparations for the baby, teaching children dental hygiene as soon as they get their milk teeth, etc.

The incidence of caries largely depends on a person himself. And what would you recommend against periodontitis?

This complaint begins with the inflammation of the gum and winds up with the degeneration of the tooth socket lining. Here too, early mouth hygiene is the best prevention.

Patients are given anti-inflammation therapy including stimulating the blood vessels. Surgical, orthopedic and physiotherapy treatment is used in advanced cases. But it must not be forgotten the chances of the cure depend directly on how soon you see the dentist.