III. Read the words, define the part of speech and translate them:

systemic, condition, structure, deciduous, appearance, abnormality, frequently, development, separately, concrescence, disproportional, perfectly, disturbance, visible, knowledge, evaluate, childhood

IV. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the adjectives in different degrees of comparison.

1. The jaw bones consist of a dense outer layer known as compact bone and a softer interior called spongy bone.

2. Enamel is the hardest substance in the body.

3. The upper crowns are much wider then their lower counterparts.

4. Tooth decay or caries is known to be probably the commonest disease of civilization.

5. A much more important result of this pressure is compression of the blood vessels passing through the tiny apical foramen.

6. Plague seems to build up faster and in larger amounts as we get older.

7. This makes it easier for the dentist to repair the damage.

8. The best that can be achieved is the removal of all carious enamel and dentine and replacement by a filling.

9. As soon as the permanent teeth are ready to erupt the deciduous teeth are lost.

10. Dentistry became a medical profession as long as 100 years ago.

11. Now dental disease and practice of dentistry are associated with mortality no longer.

12. When educating people dental health message should include at least four simple pieces of advice.

13. Every tooth consists of a crown, a neck and one or more roots.

14. The longer the carbohydrate stays on the teeth, the longer the duration of acid production.

15. The more bone tissue is destroyed, the more is tooth mobility.

V. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in italics.

1. Both systemic and local conditions may affect the form and structure of the developing teeth.

2. Speaking about the oral structure one can use either the word gum or the Latin term gingiva.

3. The general dental services cover the ordinary routine of both reparative and restorative requirements.

4. Both caries and periodontal disease are the examples of either generative or chronic diseases of long standing.

5. The patients can make a choice between either state-founded or private dentistry for any dentist.

6. This drug can neither cure caries nor make the lost tooth structure grow again.

7. The patient does not have wisdom teeth either in the maxilla or in the mandible.

8. Pulp death leads eventually to an acute alveolar abscess, either directly or via a chronic abscess.

9. When the vital pulp is exposed either a root filling or pulpotomy is necessary to conserve the tooth.

VI. Read and translate the text.

Pathology of the Form and Structure of the Teeth

Both systemic and local conditions may affect the form and structure of the developing teeth. In some instances only the gross appearance of the tooth is affected, the structure remaining normal; in others the structure itself is changed, or both the form and the structure may be involved.

Abnormalities of anatomical form and histological structure include multiple teeth, hyperplasia or overdevelopment, and hypoplasia or underdevelopment of the entire tooth, and hypoplasia of a part of the tooth, the crown or root. Dysplasia of the dental structures includes color changes, hypoplastic defects, and syphilitic stigmas which result from traumatic injury or infection of the developing teeth. The deciduous teeth which develop in utero are not as frequently affected as are the permanent ones. However, hereditary defects, congenitally transmitted diseases, malnutrition and diseases affecting the mother during gestation may have their effects on the deciduous teeth.

Multiple Teeth. Multiple teeth form in a variety of ways. We may distinguish germination, fusion, concrescence, and dens in dente.

Hyperplasia of the Teeth. Overdevelopment or gigantism of the teeth is called megadontism. It affects all the teeth in the arch equally and usually proportional to the development of the skeleton.

Hypoplasia of the Teeth. Hypoplasia is the reverse of hyperplasia and results in small dwarfed teeth. When the entire dentition is affected we speak of microdontism.

Dysplasia of the Teeth. Dysplasia is the result of development disturbances that may affect both the deciduous and permanent dentitions. It is not easy to classify dystrophy of the teeth. An etiologic classification cannot be carried through consistently as the knowledge of the effects on the tooth development of many of the diseases that occur during childhood is still more or less beclouded. Sometimes the disturbance is not visible until years later when the tooth erupts which makes it difficult to evaluate the cause and the effect. As a matter of fact, the teeth may be affected during gestation as well as postnatally, and a study of the mother’s history as well as that of a child is necessary, therefore to detect a relation between a dental dystrophy and somatic disease.

NOTES

1. in utero – в эмбриональном состоянии

2. what is spoken of – что известно под названием

3. as a matter of fact – в действительности