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Файл:Черед.учеб. пособ. стом..doc
X
- •Содержание
- •History of Dentistry Lesson 1
- •Some Facts from the History of Dentistry
- •I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •VII. Read and translate the sentences with the Complex Subject.
- •VIII. Read and translate the text.
- •IX. Answer the questions.
- •X. Read and translate the sentences using the Complex Subject.
- •XI. Do you know that:
- •XII. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.
- •Lesson 2
- •An Introduction to Dentistry
- •III. Learn the following words:
- •IV. Read and translate the words with the same root:
- •V. Read and translate the following word combinations:
- •VI. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the reflexive pronouns.
- •VII. Complete the sentences with the proper reflexive pronouns.
- •VIII. Read and translate the text.
- •IX. Answer the following questions.
- •X. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions where necessary.
- •XI. Translate the following word combinations.
- •XII. Translate the following sentences.
- •XIII. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.
- •Oral Cavity. Teeth Lesson 3
- •A Tooth
- •III. Read the sentences, find Passive predicates and translate the sentences.
- •IV. Read and translate the text.
- •V Answer the questions.
- •VI. Change the sentences in the Active Voice into Passive according to the model.
- •VII. Open the brackets in a correct form (Active or Passive).
- •VIII. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.
- •IX. Read the text and find Russian equivalents to the underlined phrases. Learn these phrases. Translate the text.
- •X. Answer the questions to the text.
- •Lesson 4
- •Eruption of Teeth
- •I. Read the following words and word combinations and give their Russian equivalents:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •VII. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to the functions of the verb to have.
- •VIII. Read and translate the text.
- •IX. Answer the following questions.
- •X. Complete the sentences using words from the active vocabulary. The first letters are given to help you.
- •XI. Choose the correct answer.
- •XII. Translate the following word combinations:
- •XIII. Read and translate the text at sight.
- •XIV. Fill in the with the necessary prepositions and adverbs.
- •XV. Translate the following sentences.
- •Lesson 5
- •Forms and Functions of Teeth The Dental Formula
- •I. Read the following words and word combinations and give their Russian equivalents:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the function of the underlined words.
- •VIII. Read and translate the texts.
- •IX. Answer the questions.
- •X. Translate the sentences into English.
- •XI. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.
- •XII. Make up five questions to the text Structure and Functions of Teeth. Lesson 6
- •The Maxilla
- •I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •VII. Read and translate the text.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Fill in the gaps with the necessary prepositions.
- •X. Fill in the gaps with the corresponding words.
- •XI. Read the text and answer the question What surface is the infraorbital groove situated in?
- •XII. Read the statements and say if they are true or false.
- •Lesson 7
- •The Mandible
- •I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Read the sentences, define the predicates and translate the sentences.
- •IV Read and translate the sentences with the Complex Subject paying attention to the forms of the infinitive.
- •V. Read and translate the sentences with the Complex Subject.
- •VI. Use the Complex Subject instead of a clause according to the model.
- •VII. Read and translate the text.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Translate the following word combinations.
- •X. Fill in the gaps with the words from the active vocabulary.
- •XI. Fill in the gaps with the necessary prepositions.
- •XII. Translate the following sentences.
- •XIII. Read the text and entitle it.
- •Lesson 8
- •Changes in the Teeth and Supporting Tissues
- •III. Give the 4 forms of the following verbs:
- •IV. Define the following infinitives:
- •V. Open the brackets using active or passive form of the verb.
- •VI. Translate the following sentences.
- •VII. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative.
- •VIII. Find Russian equivalents to the following word combinations.
- •IX. Translate the following word combinations:
- •X. Match the words with the close meaning:
- •XI. Read and translate the text.
- •XII. Answer the following questions.
- •XIII. Complete the sentences according to the text.
- •XIV. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.
- •XV. Answer the questions to the text Periodontal and Oral Mucosa.
- •XVI. Make nouns from the given verbs:
- •Lesson № 9
- •Pathology of the Form and Structure of the Teeth
- •I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Read the words, define the part of speech and translate them:
- •IV. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the adjectives in different degrees of comparison.
- •V. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in italics.
- •VI. Read and translate the text.
- •VII. Give the explanation of the following terms of Greek and Latin origin in English:
- •VIII. Answer the questions.
- •IX. Translate the sentences into English.
- •X. Give as many facts as possible to prove the following statements.
- •XI. Read the text and retell it.
- •Lesson 10
- •Abnormalities in the Number of Teeth
- •I. Read the following words and word combinations of the Greek and Latin origin and give their Russian equivalents:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Read and translate the following words with the same roots:
- •IV. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the verb to fail.
- •V. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the word one.
- •VI. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the conjunctions if and whether.
- •VII. Read and translate the following sentences.
- •VIII. Read and translate the text.
- •XIII. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.
- •Diseases of the Teeth and Oral Cavity Lesson 11
- •Toothache
- •I. Read the following words and word combinations of the Greek and Latin origin and give their Russian equivalents:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Read and translate the following word combinations:
- •IV. Give the comparative and superlative degrees of the adjectives:
- •V. Define the tense and the voice of the predicate and translate the sentences.
- •VI. Define the function of the –ing form and translate the sentences.
- •VII. Read the sentences with the missing conjunctions and translate them.
- •VIII. Find in the dictionary the meanings of the following phrasal verbs:
- •IX. Read and translate the text.
- •X. Answer the questions.
- •XI. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions.
- •XII. Translate the following word combinations:
- •XIII. Translate the following sentences.
- •XIV. Translate the text using a dictionary.
- •Lesson 12
- •Dental Caries
- •I. Read the following words and word combinations of the Greek and Latin origin and give their Russian equivalents:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Read and translate the following word combinations:
- •IV. Read and translate the words paying attention to their suffixes:
- •V. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the predicates in the subordinate clauses.
- •VI. Read and translate the following sentences.
- •VII. Read and translate the text.
- •VIII. Answer the questions.
- •IX. Make up questions to the underlined words.
- •X. Translate the following word combinations:
- •XI. Translate the following sentences.
- •XII. Translate the text using a dictionary.
- •Role play
- •I. Read the information about some specific features of writing and abstract for a research paper.
- •II. Read and learn the following linking words and phrases that are useful for writing a summary essay.
- •III. Read the abstract and following the above instructions practice writing its summary essay. Present your summary essays to the class and discuss them.
- •Lesson 13
- •Periodontal Disease
- •I. Read the words of the Latin and Greek origin and give their Russian equivalents:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Read and translate the words with the same root.
- •IV. Read and translate the following word combinations:
- •V. Read the sentences and define the functions of Participle I and II. Translate the sentences.
- •VI. Use Participle I or II instead of subordinate clauses.
- •VII. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the subordinate clauses.
- •VIII. Read and translate the text.
- •IX. Answer the questions.
- •X. Complete the following sentences.
- •XI. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions.
- •XII. Translate the following word combinations.
- •XIII. Translate the following sentences.
- •XIV. Translate the text using a dictionary.
- •XV. Case Analyses.
- •1. Fill in the table.
- •2. Discussion.
- •Lesson 14
- •Dental Cracks
- •I. Read the words of the Latin and Greek origin and give their Russian equivalents:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •VIII. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the –ing forms.
- •IX. Read and translate the sentences. Say what model verbs express.
- •X. Read the sentences, find the predicates and define their tenses. Translate the sentences.
- •XI. Read and translate the text.
- •XII. Answer the questions.
- •XIII. Translate the following word combinations:
- •XIV. Translate the following sentences.
- •XV. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.
- •Lesson 15
- •Pulp Involvement
- •I. Read the words of the Latin and Greek origin and give their Russian equivalents:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Read and translate the following word combinations:
- •IV. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the verb to have.
- •V. Read and translate the following sentences.
- •VI. Read and translate the sentences.
- •VII. Read and translate the text.
- •XII. Translate the following word combinations:
- •XIII. Translate the following sentences:
- •XIV. Read the text and retell it.
- •Lesson 16
- •Alveolar Pyorrhea
- •I. Read the words of the Latin and Greek origin and give their Russian equivalents:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Translate the following
- •IV. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the word it.
- •V. Read and translate the sentences with the complex subject.
- •VI. Use complex subject instead subordinate clauses according to the model.
- •VII. Translate the following sentences using Complex Subject.
- •VIII. Read and translate the text.
- •IX. Answer the questions.
- •X. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •XI. Translate the following word combinations:
- •XII. Translate the following sentences.
- •XIII. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.
- •XIV. Test 3. Lesson 17
- •Congenital Anomalies
- •I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Read and translate the sentences with complex subject.
- •IV. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the Present and Past Participles.
- •V. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the word since:
- •V. Read and translate the text.
- •VI. Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Translate the following word combinations.
- •VIII. Make up questions to the underlined words.
- •IX. Translate the following sentences.
- •X. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.
- •Lesson 18
- •Traumatic Injuries of the Teeth
- •I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the words in italics.
- •IV. Make up questions to the underlined words.
- •V. Make up questions for these answers.
- •VI. Read and translate the text.
- •VII. Answer the following questions.
- •VIII. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions.
- •IX. Translate the following word combinations:
- •X. Translate the following sentences.
- •Lesson 19
- •Traumatic Diseases of the Jaws
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Read the words, define parts of speech and translate them:
- •IV. Read the sentences and open the brackets with a correct active or passive tense form.
- •V. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the adjectives and adverbs in different degrees of comparison.
- •VI. Read and translate the text.
- •VII. Answer the following questions.
- •VIII. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions.
- •IX. Translate the following word combinations:
- •X. Translate the following sentences.
- •XI. Read and translate the following text using a dictionary.
- •Lesson 20
- •Infectious Diseases of the Jaws
- •I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Give the English equivalents to the following Greek and Latin terms:
- •IV. Read the words, define their parts of speech and translate them:
- •V. Read and translate the sentences with the Complex Object.
- •VI. Translate the sentences using Complex Object.
- •VII. Read and translate the text.
- •Infectious Diseases of the Jaws
- •VIII. Make up questions to the underlined words.
- •IX. Answer the following questions.
- •X. Translate the following word combinations:
- •XI. Translate the following sentences.
- •XII. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.
- •Lesson 21
- •Orthodontia
- •I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Read and translate the words with the same root:
- •IV. Read the words, define their parts of speech and translate them:
- •V. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of infinitive.
- •VI. Read and translate the text.
- •XI. Read the text for yourselves and give a short summary of it.
- •Lesson 22
- •Sources of Oral Sepsis
- •I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participle Constructions.
- •IV. Read and translate the text.
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VI. Give the English equivalents to the following Greek and Latin terms:
- •VII. Translate the following word combinations:
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences.
- •IX. Look through the text and translate it without a dictionary.
- •X. Test 4. Lesson 23
- •Age Changes of the Teeth
- •I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Read the words, define their parts of speech and translate them:
- •IV. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the -ing forms.
- •V. Translate the following sentences using the -ing forms.
- •VI. Read and translate the text.
- •VII. Answer the questions.
- •VIII. Complete the following sentences.
- •IX. Make up questions to the underlined words.
- •X. Translate the following combinations of words.
- •XI. Translate the following sentences.
- •XII. Read the text and answer the questions below.
- •XIII. Test 5. Lesson 24
- •Oral Diseases of the Elderly
- •I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Give three forms of the verbs:
- •IV. Translate the following word combinations:
- •V. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the words in italics.
- •VI. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the word those.
- •VII. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the Past Participles.
- •VIII. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the Present Participles.
- •IX. Read and translate the text.
- •X. Answer the questions.
- •XI. Fill in the gaps with the model verbs (can, may, must, should).
- •XIII. Translate the following word combinations:
- •XIV. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.
- •Lesson 25
- •I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:
- •II. Learn the following words:
- •III. Read the words, define the parts of speech and translate them:
- •IV. Translate the following word combinations:
- •V. Read and translate the sentences with Absolute Participle Constructions.
- •VI. Read and translate the sentences with incomplete subordinate clauses.
- •VII. Make the following sentences negative.
- •VIII. Read and translate he negative sentences.
- •IX. Read and translate the text.
- •X. Answer the following questions.
- •XI. Make up questions to the underlined words.
- •XII. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions and adverbs where required.
- •XIII. Translate the following word combinations:
IX. Translate the following word combinations:
laboratory studies, tooth anatomy, contact areas, tooth movement, blood supply, pulp chamber, root surfaces, cementoenamel junction
X. Match the words with the close meaning:
1. chamber
2. susceptible
3. occasionally
4. decrease
5. groove
6. from time to time
7. cavity
8. the elderly
9. sensitive
10. the aged
11. reduction
12. notching
XI. Read and translate the text.
Changes in the Teeth and Supporting Tissues
Many of the changes in the hard dental tissue associated with senescence have their analogy in the deciduous teeth which erupt, lose their morphological characteristics through normal wear of abrasion and eventually are exfoliated. In later life the permanent teeth become drier, more brittle and darker. These clinically observed changes have been verified by laboratory studies. The apparent decrease in the prevalence of dental caries in the elderly patients is largely the result of a reduction in the number of susceptible areas for caries because of previous dental restoration and the loss of health.
Dental restorations that do not take into consideration modifications of tooth anatomy occurring with age may place abnormal and destructive stresses on the teeth and the supporting tissues. The contact areas of the teeth become flattened as a result of the slight physiological tooth movement during chewing. Degenerative changes in the dental periostenum resulting from pressure and the decreased blood supply may take place.
Years of improper tooth-brushing may be manifested in the aged by the presence of V-shaped horizontal grooves in the teeth apical to the cementoenamel junction. This abrasion grooving may extend into the dentin to include areas formerly occupied by the dental pulp. Pulpal exposure occurs occasionally but in most instances sufficient secondary dentin is produced to prevent exposure of the pulp, or at times to obliterate the pulp chamber. These grooved teeth are unsightly and at times they fracture at the site of the notching.
Gingival atrophy in conjunction with the continuous eruption of the teeth results in exposure of the root to the oral environment. These exposed surfaces frequently give rise to painful stimuli when thermal changes take place within the oral cavity.
XII. Answer the following questions.
1. Are many changes observed in the hard dental tissues with senescence?
2. Why is dental caries decreased in the elderly patients?
3. What changes are observed in the permanent teeth?
4. May dental restorations place abnormal and destructive stresses on the teeth and the supporting tissues with age?
5. As a result of what do the contact areas of the teeth become flattened?
XIII. Complete the sentences according to the text.
1. Many of the changes in the hard dental tissues are associated …
2. The deciduous teeth …
3. The permanent teeth become …
4. These clinically observed changes have been verified by …
5. The contact areas of the teeth …
6. Degenerative changes in the dental periosteum …
7. Years of improper tooth brushing may be manifested …
8. In most instances sufficient secondary dentin is produced to prevent …
9. These grooved teeth are …
10. At times they fracture at the site of …
11. These exposed root surfaces give rise to …
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